Table of Contents

Jharkhand Prelims Final

Chapter 1 झारखण्ड का सामान्य परिचय

1 झारखण्ड का सामान्य परिचय

विवरण	जानकारी
नाम का शाब्दिक अर्थ	जंगल-झाड़ प्रदेश या वन प्रदेश
राज्य का गठन	15 नवंबर, 2000* (नोट:- 15 नवंबर को भगवान बिरसा मुंडा का जन्मदिवस होता है, इसी महत्व के कारण उनके 125वें जन्म-जयंती पर झारखण्ड राज्य का निर्माण किया गया। प्रतिवर्ष 15 नवंबर को झारखण्ड राज्य स्थापना दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है)
भारतीय राज्यों के स्थापना क्रम में स्थान	28वाँ*
राजधानी	राँची* (नोट:- राँची संयुक्त बिहार की ग्रीष्मकालीन राजधानी* थी)
उपराजधानी	दुमका* (प्रस्तावित – मेदिनीनगर, चाईबासा, गिरिडीह)
भौगोलिक अवस्थिति	विश्व तथा भारत के मानचित्र पर उत्तर-पूर्वी भाग में अवस्थित
अक्षांशीय विस्तार	21°58’10” से 25°19’15” उत्तरी अक्षांश
देशांतर विस्तार	83°19’50” से 87°57′ पूर्वी देशांतर
कर्क रेखा पर अवस्थित जिले	लातेहार (नेतरहाट), लोहरदगा (किस्को), गुमला (बिशुनपुर), राँची (काँके व ओरमांझी), रामगढ़ (गोला)
उत्तर-दक्षिण विस्तार (लंबाई)	380 कि.मी.
पूर्व-पश्चिम विस्तार (चौड़ाई)	463 कि.मी.
भौगोलिक सीमाएँ	उत्तर में बिहार*, दक्षिण में उड़ीसा, पूर्व में पश्चिम बंगाल तथा पश्चिम में छत्तीसगढ़ एवं पश्चिमोत्तर में उत्तर प्रदेश
क्षेत्रफल	79,714* वर्ग कि.मी. (नोट:- भारतीय वन सर्वेक्षण रिपोर्ट, 2023 व जनगणना-2011 के अनुसार झारखण्ड राज्य का क्षेत्रफल 79,716 वर्ग कि.मी. है)
देश के कुल क्षेत्रफल का %	2.42%*
क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से राज्यों में स्थान	15वाँ (जम्मू-कश्मीर के पुनर्गठन के बाद)
ग्रामीण क्षेत्रफल	77,922 वर्ग कि.मी. (97.75%)
शहरी क्षेत्रफल	1,792 वर्ग कि.मी. (2.25%)

विवरण	जानकारी
सर्वाधिक क्षेत्रफल वाला जिला	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम* (7,224 वर्ग कि.मी.)
न्यूनतम क्षेत्रफल वाला जिला	रामगढ़ (1,341 वर्ग कि.मी.)
सर्वाधिक वनाच्छादित जिला	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम (3,368 वर्ग कि.मी.)
न्यूनतम वनाच्छादित जिला	जामताड़ा (106 वर्ग कि.मी.)
सर्वाधिक वन% वाला जिला	लातेहार (56%)
न्यूनतम वन% वाला जिला	जामताड़ा (5.85%)
सर्वोच्च शिखर	सम्मेद शिखर (पारसनाथ पहाड़ी)* – 1365 मी. (4,478 फीट)
राज्यपाल	संतोष गंगवार (11वें राज्यपाल) [31 जुलाई, 2024 से अब तक] (नोट:- कार्यवाहक राज्यपाल विनोद चंद्र पाण्डेय को शामिल करते हुए वर्तमान राज्यपाल का क्रम 12वाँ है।)
मुख्यमंत्री	हेमंत सोरेन (14वें मुख्यमंत्री) [28 नवंबर, 2024 से अब तक] (नोट:- झारखण्ड राज्य में सात व्यक्ति* मुख्यमंत्री पद पर आसीन हुए हैं।)
विधानसभा अध्यक्ष	रवीन्द्रनाथ महतो (कार्यवाहक सहित 12वें अध्यक्ष) (नोट:- ये झारखण्ड विधानसभा में लगातार दूसरी बार अध्यक्ष बनने वाले पहले व्यक्ति हैं।)
मुख्य न्यायाधीश	न्या. एम. एस. रामचन्द्र राव (16वें)
उच्च न्यायालय	राँची* (देश का 21वाँ उच्च न्यायालय)*
विधायिका	एकसदनीय*
विधानसभा सीट	81* (नोट:- 104वें संविधान संशोधन द्वारा राज्य विधानसभा में एंग्लो-इंडियन सदस्य के मनोनयन का प्रावधान समाप्त कर दिया गया है।)
लोकसभा सीट	14* (SC – 01, ST – 05, अन्य – 08)
राज्यसभा सीट	06*
प्रमंडल	05* (उत्तरी छोटानागपुर, दक्षिणी छोटानागपुर, पलामू, कोल्हान तथा संथाल परगना)
जिला	24* (राज्य निर्माण के समय 18 जिले* थे)
अनुमंडल	45 (राज्य निर्माण के समय 33 अनुमंडल थे)
प्रखंड	264* [नवीनतम प्रखंड – सरयू प्रखंड, लातेहार जिला] (झारखण्ड गठन के समय राज्य में प्रखंडों की संख्या – 210)
अधिसूचित प्रखंड	135 (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25)

विवरण	जानकारी
जिला परिषद	24
गांव *	32,746 (Source- lgdirectory.gov.in) (नोट:- 2011 की जनगणना के समय राज्य में 32,620 गांव थे)
वार्ड	1400
ग्राम पंचायत	4345 (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25) (नोट:- पंचायतीराज मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार के अनुसार 4297 पंचायतें) (Source- पंचायत प्रगति सूचकांक, 2025)
अधिसूचित पंचायत	2074 (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25)
पंचायत समिति	264 (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25)
शहरी स्थानीय निकाय	51 (छावनी बोर्ड सहित)
नगर निगम	09 (राँची, धनबाद, देवघर, आदित्यपुर, चास, मेदिनीनगर, हजारीबाग, मानगो, गिरिडीह)
नगर परिषद्	20 (31 दिसंबर, 2020 को गोमिया नगर परिषद के भंग होने के बाद)
नगर पंचायत	20
अधिसूचित क्षेत्र समिति	01 (जमशेदपुर)
छावनी बोर्ड	01 (रामगढ़)
राँची नगर निगम की स्थापना	15 सितंबर, 1979
शहरों (Towns) की संख्या	228
राज्य में 1 लाख से 10 लाख तक जनसंख्या वाले जिले	10 (बोकारो, रामगढ़, सरायकेला-खरसावां, कोडरमा, देवघर, हजारीबाग, पश्चिमी सिंहभूम, साहिबगंज, पलामू, गिरिडीह)
राज्य में महानगर की संख्या	03 (धनबाद, जमशेदपुर व राँची)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	3,500 कि.मी.* (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25)
राजकीय राजमार्ग	1,232 कि.मी. (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25)
विश्वविद्यालय	01+12+01+18+01+05 (केंद्रीय+राज्य+डीम्ड+निजी+खुला+राष्ट्रीय महत्व के संस्थान) (Source- Jharkhand Economic Survey 2024-25)
राजकीय भाषा (प्रथम)	हिन्दी *
राजकीय भाषा (द्वितीय)-16	उर्दू , संथाली, बांग्ला, उड़िया, मुंडारी, हो, खड़िया, कुड़ुख, कुरमाली, खोरठा, पंचपरगनिया, नागपुरी, माही, भोजपुरी, मैथिली, अंगिका
सबसे बड़ा शहर	जमशेदपुर
प्रमुख औद्योगिक नगर	जमशेदपुर, धनबाद, बोकारो, हजारीबाग

विवरण	जानकारी
झारखण्ड की सीमा से सन्नलग्न राज्य	05* (बिहार, पश्चिम बंगाल, उड़ीसा, छत्तीसगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश)
झारखण्ड गठन के बाद निर्मित जिला	लातेहार, सिमडेगा, जामताड़ा, सरायकेला-खरसावां, खूंटी, रामगढ़
सर्वाधिक प्रखण्ड वाले तीन जिले	पलामू (21), गढ़वा (20), राँची (18)
सर्वाधिक जिला वाला प्रमंडल	उत्तरी छोटानागपुर (7)
सबसे कम जिला वाला प्रमंडल	पलामू एवं कोल्हान (03) (नोट:- कोल्हान राज्य का नवीनतम प्रमंडल है)
सबसे बड़ा संसदीय क्षेत्र	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम
सबसे छोटा संसदीय क्षेत्र	चतरा
अनुसूचित जनजाति	33* (2022 में जारी गजट अधिसूचना के अनुसार राज्य में ‘पुरान’ को जनजाति सूची में शामिल करने के बाद राज्य में 33 मान्य जनजातीय समुदाय हो गये हैं)
आदिम जनजाति	08* (असुर, बिरहोर, बिरजिया, कोरवा, सवर, पहाड़िया, माल पहाड़िया, सौरिया पहाड़िया)
सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वाली जनजाति	संथाल > उराँव > मुंडा > हो
सर्वाधिक जनजातीय जनसंख्या (जिला)	राँची
न्यूनतम जनजातीय जनसंख्या (जिला)	कोडरमा
सर्वाधिक जनजातीय जनसंख्या% (जिला)	खूंटी (73.25%)
न्यूनतम जनजातीय जनसंख्या% (जिला)	कोडरमा (0.9%)
झारखण्ड पुलिस का ध्येय वाक्य	सेवा ही लक्ष्य
राज्य में पुलिस थानों की संख्या	427
राज्य में केंद्रीय कारा की संख्या	07 (बिरसा मुंडा केंद्रीय कारा, राँची; दुमका केंद्रीय कारा; जय प्रकाश केंद्रीय कारा, हजारीबाग; पलामू केंद्रीय कारा, मेदिनीनगर; घाघीडीह केंद्रीय कारा, जमशेदपुर; देवघर केंद्रीय कारा; गिरिडीह केंद्रीय कारा)
राज्य में पहली बार राष्ट्रपति शासन	19 जनवरी, 2009* (कुल तीन बार)*
भारत मानव विकास सूचकांक में झारखण्ड की स्थिति (2021)	0.589 (मध्यम मानव विकास) (Source- globaldatalab.org)
HDI में देश में स्थान	33वाँ (राज्य + UT)

झारखण्ड गठन के बाद निर्मित जिले*

क्र.सं.	जिला का क्रम	निर्माण की तारीख	जिला का नाम	जिसमें पहले शामिल था
1.	19वाँ	4 अप्रैल, 2001	लातेहार	पलामू
2.	20वाँ	26 अप्रैल, 2001	जामताड़ा	दुमका
3.	21वाँ	30 अप्रैल, 2001*	सिमडेगा*	गुमला
4.	22वाँ	30 अप्रैल, 2001	सरायकेला-खरसावां	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम
5.	23वाँ	12 सितम्बर, 2007	खूंटी	राँची
6.	24वाँ	12 सितम्बर, 2007*	रामगढ़	हजारीबाग

मानचित्र द्वारा जिलों का अध्ययन

दिशाएँ:

NORTH (उत्तर) → बिहार
EAST (पूर्व) → पश्चिम बंगाल
SOUTH (दक्षिण) → ओडिशा
WEST (पश्चिम) → छत्तीसगढ़

विवरण	संख्या	जिला का नाम
बिहार राज्य से संलग्न जिले	10	गढ़वा, पलामू, चतरा, हजारीबाग, कोडरमा, गिरिडीह, देवघर, दुमका, गोड्डा, साहेबगंज
पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य से संलग्न जिले	10	साहेबगंज, पाकुड़, दुमका, जामताड़ा, धनबाद, बोकारो, रामगढ़, राँची, सरायकेला-खरसावां, पूर्वी सिंहभूम
ओडिशा राज्य से संलग्न जिले	04	सिमडेगा, पश्चिमी सिंहभूम, सरायकेला-खरसावां, पूर्वी सिंहभूम
छत्तीसगढ़ राज्य से संलग्न जिले	04	गढ़वा, लातेहार, गुमला, सिमडेगा
उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य से संलग्न जिले	01	गढ़वा

विवरण – जिला का नाम

विवरण	जिला का नाम
सबसे उत्तरी जिला	साहेबगंज
सबसे दक्षिणी जिला	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम
सबसे पूर्वी जिला	साहेबगंज
सबसे पश्चिमी जिला	गढ़वा

राज्यों से संलग्न जिलों का विवरण

विवरण	संख्या	जिला का नाम	राज्य
3 राज्यों से संलग्न जिला	01	गढ़वा	उत्तर प्रदेश + बिहार + छत्तीसगढ़
2 राज्यों से संलग्न जिला	05	साहेबगंज	बिहार + पश्चिम बंगाल
		दुमका	बिहार + पश्चिम बंगाल
		सरायकेला-खरसावां	पश्चिम बंगाल + ओडिशा
		पूर्वी सिंहभूम	पश्चिम बंगाल + ओडिशा
		सिमडेगा	ओडिशा + छत्तीसगढ़
1 राज्य से संलग्न जिला	16	पलामू, चतरा, हजारीबाग, कोडरमा, गिरिडीह, देवघर, गोड्डा	बिहार
		पाकुड़, जामताड़ा, धनबाद, बोकारो, रामगढ़, राँची	पश्चिम बंगाल
		पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	ओडिशा
		गुमला, लातेहार	छत्तीसगढ़
0 राज्य से संलग्न जिला	02	लोहरदगा, खूंटी	—

प्रमंडल अनुसार जिलों का वितरण

क्रम सं.	प्रमंडल	जिलों की संख्या	जिला का नाम
01	उत्तरी छोटानागपुर	07	चतरा, हजारीबाग, कोडरमा, गिरिडीह, धनबाद, बोकारो, रामगढ़
02	संथाल परगना	06	देवघर, दुमका, गोड्डा, साहेबगंज, पाकुड़, जामताड़ा
03	दक्षिणी छोटानागपुर	05	राँची, खूंटी, लोहरदगा, गुमला, सिमडेगा
04	पलामू	03	पलामू, लातेहार, गढ़वा
05	कोल्हान	03	पूर्वी सिंहभूम, पश्चिमी सिंहभूम, सरायकेला-खरसावां

Chapter 2 : State Symbols of Jharkhand

2. State Symbols of Jharkhand

State Symbols

1. State Tree

Symbol	Name	Scientific Name	Image
State Tree	Sal*	Shorea robusta	—

Key Points:

- Other names: Agnivallbha, Ashavkarn, Ashavkarnika
- The Sal tree and its flowers are highly sacred in Sarna religion (tribal religion)
- Gautama Buddha was born under the Sal tree, hence it is sacred in Buddhism
- Mahavira attained knowledge under the Sal tree, making it sacred in Jainism
- Its wood and products have domestic, commercial, and medicinal importance

राजकीय प्रतीक

प्रतीक	चिन्ह	वैज्ञानिक नाम	तस्वीर
राजकीय वृक्ष	साल *	Shorea Robusta (शोरिया रोबस्टा)

✔ अन्य नाम – अग्निवल्लभा, अश्वकर्ण, अश्वकर्णिका

✔ साल का वृक्ष व पुष्प – सरना धर्म (आदिवासी धर्म) में अति पवित्र व पूजनीय

✔ गौतम बुद्ध का जन्म साल वृक्ष के नीचे होने के कारण बौद्ध धर्म में पवित्र

✔ महावीर स्वामी को ज्ञान प्राप्त साल वृक्ष के नीचे होने के कारण जैन धर्म में पवित्र

✔ इसके लकड़ियों व उत्पादों का घरेलू, व्यावसायिक व औषधीय महत्व है।

2. State Flower

Symbol	Name	Scientific Name	Image
State Flower*	Palash	*Butea monosperma*	—

Key Points:

- Other names: Tesu flower, Dhak flower, Parsa flower, Brahmavriksha, Kimshukam
- Palash flowers are used for making natural colors
- It has various medicinal properties:
  - Antioxidant
  - Antibacterial
  - Antifungal
  - Anti-inflammatory
  - Anti-helminthic

प्रतीक	चिन्ह	वैज्ञानिक नाम	तस्वीर
राजकीय पुष्प *	पलाश *	Butea Monosperma (ब्यूटिया मोनोस्पर्मा)

✔ अन्य नाम टेसू फूल, ढाक फूल. परसा फूल, ब्रहावृक्षम, किम्शुकम
✔ पलाश के फूल का प्रयोग रंग बनाने हेतु किया जाता है।
✔ यह विभिन्न औषधीय गुणों से युक्त (एंटी-ऑक्सीडेंट, एंटी-बैक्टीरियल, एंटी-फंगल, एंटी-इन्फ्लेमेटरी, एंटी-हेल्मिन्थिक आदि) होता है।

3. State Animal

Symbol	Name	Scientific Name	Image
State Animal	Elephant*	Elephas maximus indicus	—

Key Points:

- The Indian elephant is one of the three subspecies of Asian elephants (Indian, Sri Lankan, Sumatran)
- It has been declared the National Heritage Animal of India
- Only male elephants have tusks (in African elephants, both males and females have tusks)
- Compared to African elephants, their skin is smoother and lighter in color

प्रतीक	चिन्ह	वैज्ञानिक नाम	तस्वीर
राजकीय पशु	हाथी *	Elephas Maximus Indicus (एलिफस मैक्सिमस इंडिकस)

✔ भारतीय हाथी, एशियाई हाथी की तीन उपप्रजातियों (भारतीय, श्रीलंकाई तथा सुमात्राई) में से एक है।
✔ यह भारत का ‘राष्ट्रीय विरासत पशु’ घोषित किया गया है।
✔ केवल नर हाथियों के दाँत होते हैं (अफ्रीकी हाथी में नर व मादा दोनों के)
✔ अफ्रीकी हाथियों की तुलना में इनकी त्वचा चिकनी व रंग हल्का होता है।

4. State Bird

Symbol	Name	Scientific Name	Image
State Bird	Koel (Asian Koel)*	Eudynamys scolopaceus	—

Key Points:

- Found mainly in South and Southeast Asia
- Length: 40–45 cm
- Weight: 190–350 grams

प्रतीक	चिन्ह	वैज्ञानिक नाम	तस्वीर
राजकीय पक्षी	कोयल *	Eudynamys Scolopaceus (यूडाइनामिस स्कोलोपेसियस)

✔ ये मुख्यतः दक्षिण व दक्षिण–पूर्व एशिया में पाये जाते हैं।
✔ इनकी लम्बाई 40–45 सेमी. तथा वजन 190–350 ग्राम तक होता है।

New State Emblem of Jharkhand

On 14 August 2020, the new state emblem of Jharkhand was unveiled at Aryabhatta Auditorium, Ranchi, and it came into effect from 15 August 2020
The design of the emblem is circular, symbolizing the progress of the state
The emblem uses green color, representing Jharkhand’s lush greenery and forest wealth
The emblem consists of a total of 7 concentric circles (rings)

Structure of the Emblem

Order of Circle	Displayed in the Circle	Description / Feature
1	Ashoka Pillar & “Satyameva Jayate”	The Ashoka Pillar represents India’s cooperative federalism, highlighting Jharkhand’s participation and important role
2	60 white dots	—
3	48 dancers of Sohrai art	Reflects the rich cultural heritage of tribal communities
4	24 Palash flowers	Symbol of the state’s unique natural beauty; Palash is also the state flower of Uttar Pradesh
5	24 Elephants	Symbolizes the prosperity and richness of the state and its abundant natural resources; Elephant is also the state animal of Kerala and Karnataka
6	“Jharkhand Sarkar / Government of Jharkhand”	—
7	Empty circle	—

झारखण्ड का नया राजचिह्न

14 अगस्त, 2020 को राँची के आर्यभट्ट सभागार में झारखण्ड राज्य के नये राजचिह्न का अनावरण किया गया तथा यह प्रतीक चिह्न 15 अगस्त, 2020 से प्रभावी हो गया।
प्रतीक चिह्न का विन्यास चक्राकार/वृत्ताकार है, जो राज्य की प्रगति का प्रतीक है।
प्रतीक चिह्न में वृत्ताकार खण्ड में हरा रंग का प्रयोग किया गया है, जो झारखण्ड की हरी–भरी धरती एवं वन सम्पदा को प्रतिबिम्बित करता है।
झारखण्ड के प्रतीक चिह्न में कुल 7 घेरे/वृत्त हैं।

तालिका

घेरा/वृत्त का क्रम	घेरे में प्रदर्शित	विवरण / विशेषता
1	अशोक स्तम्भ एवं सत्यमेव जयते	• अशोक स्तम्भ भारत के उत्तम सहकारी संघवाद, इसमें झारखण्ड की सहभागिता एवं अहस्तीय भूमिका को रेखांकित करता है।
2	60 सफेद वृत्त	–
3	सोहरा चित्रकारी के 48 नर्तक	• यह जनजातियों की समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक विरासत को प्रतिबिम्बित करता है।
4	24 पलाश के फूल	• यह राज्य के अपूर्व प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य का परिचायक है। • उत्तर प्रदेश राज्य का राजकीय पुष्प भी पलाश ही है।
5	24 हाथी	• यह राज्य के वैभव का प्रतीक है तथा राज्य के प्रचुर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों एवं समृद्धि को दर्शाता है। • केरल तथा कर्नाटक राज्य का राजकीय पशु भी हाथी ही है।
6	झारखण्ड सरकार / GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND	–
7	यह घेरा रिक्त है।

Sohra Painting / Sora Tribe

The Sora tribe (other name – Lauda tribe) mainly resides in the southern part of Odisha. Along with Odisha, this tribe also lives in the eastern coastal region of Andhra Pradesh.
This tribe is one of the oldest tribes of Odisha.
Ethnically, this tribe belongs to the Munda tribal group.
This tribe considers itself to be the descendants of Shabari.
The painting done by the Sora tribe is called Sora painting. This painting is also known as Italon or Ikon (Italon/Ikon).
This painting is made on rectangular frames on the inner walls of houses using bamboo brushes. It is a form of wall painting (mural art).
In this painting:
- White color is made from rice powder
- Black color from soot
- Other colors from flower extracts, etc.
In this painting, the Sora tribe depicts their deities (Idital/Edital).
The main purpose of this painting is to please their deities and honor ancestors, so that fertility of land increases and protection from diseases is ensured.
Tribal communities living in the northern Sahyadri (Maharashtra) region use Warli painting, which is similar to Sora painting.

Old State Emblem of Jharkhand

The first state emblem of Jharkhand had the Ashoka Chakra placed between four ‘J’ letters.
It was designed by Amitabh Pandey of the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad.

सोरा चित्रकारी / सोरा जनजाति

सोरा जनजाति (अन्य नाम – लाउदा जनजाति) का निवास मुख्यतः उड़ीसा के दक्षिणी भाग में है। उड़ीसा के साथ–साथ यह जनजाति आंध्र प्रदेश के पूर्वी–तटीय भाग में भी निवास करती है।
यह जनजाति उड़ीसा की सबसे प्राचीन जनजातियों में से एक है।
नृजातीय रूप से यह जनजाति मुंडा जनजाति समूह से संबंध रखती है।
यह जनजाति स्वयं को शबरी के वंशज मानते हैं।
सोरा जनजाति द्वारा की जाने वाली चित्रकारी को सोरा चित्रकारी कहा जाता है। इस चित्रकारी को इटालोन या इकॉन (Italon/Ikon) भी कहा जाता है।
यह चित्रकारी आयताकार फ्रेम पर बाँस के कूंचे से घर की आंतरिक दीवारों पर की जाती है। यह एक भित्ति चित्रकारी है।
इस चित्रकारी में सफेद रंग हेतु चावल पाउडर, काले रंग हेतु कालिख तथा अन्य रंग हेतु फूल आदि के रसों का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
इस चित्रकारी में सोरा जनजाति द्वारा अपने देवी–देवताओं (Idital/Edital) को प्रदर्शित किया जाता है।
इस चित्रकारी का प्रमुख उद्देश्य अपने देवी–देवताओं को प्रसन्न करना तथा पूर्वजों का सम्मान करना है, ताकि भूमि की उर्वरता में वृद्धि के साथ–साथ बीमारियों से स्वयं की रक्षा की जा सके।
उत्तरी सह्याद्रि (महाराष्ट्र) क्षेत्र में निवास करने वाले जनजातीय समुदाय के लोग सोरा चित्रकारी से मिलती–जुलती वारली चित्रकारी का प्रयोग करते हैं।

झारखण्ड का पुराना राजचिह्न

झारखण्ड राज्य के प्रथम राजकीय चिह्न में चार J अक्षरों के बीच अशोक चक्र था।
इसका प्रारूप राष्ट्रीय डिजाइन संस्थान, अहमदाबाद के अमिताभ पाण्डेय ने किया था।

Chapter 3 : Census 2011

Data

झारखण्ड : जनगणना (2011)

महत्वपूर्ण आँकड़े

कुल जनसंख्या – 329,88,134 * (~3.25 Cr)
2001 में जनसंख्या – 2,69,45,829
देश की कुल जनसंख्या का प्रतिशत – 2.72% *
जनसंख्या की दृष्टि से देश में स्थान – 14वाँ

जनसंख्या का वर्गीकरण

वर्गीकरण	जनसंख्या	जनसंख्या %
पुरुष जनसंख्या	1,69,30,315	51.32%
महिला जनसंख्या	1,60,57,819	48.68%
ग्रामीण जनसंख्या	*2,50,55,073 (~2.5 cr)**	75.95
नगरीय जनसंख्या	79,33,061	24.05
अनुसूचित जाति	39,85,644	12.08
अनुसूचित जनजाति	86,45,042	26.20
अल्पसंख्यक	–	19.12
0-6 आयु वर्ग	53,89,595	16.33

न्यूनतम vs सर्वाधिक

	न्यूनतम	सर्वाधिक
जनसंख्या	लोहरदगा * (4,61,790)	राँची * (29,14,253)
जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर वाले जिले	धनबाद (11.99%)	कोडरमा (43.42%)
जनसंख्या घनत्व – 414 / sq km* (14^thposition in india)
जनसंख्या घनत्व वाले जिले	सिमडेगा (159/sq km)	धनबाद (1316/sq km)
लिंगानुपात – *948 female/1000 male (17^thposition in india)**
ग्रामीण लिंगानुपात	961
नगरीय लिंगानुपात	910
SC लिंगानुपात	950
ST लिंगानुपात	1003
लिंगानुपात वाले जिले	धनबाद (909)	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम (1005)
साक्षरता दर – *66.41% (2001 – 53.56%) 32वाँ**
पुरुष साक्षरता दर	76.84%
महिला साक्षरता दर	55.42%
ग्रामीण साक्षरता दर	61.1%
नगरीय साक्षरता दर	82.3%
साक्षरता दर	पाकुड़ 48.82%	राँची 76.06%

पुरुष साक्षरता	पाकुड़ (57.06%)	रांची (84.26%)
महिला साक्षरता	पाकुड़ (40.52%)	रांची (67.44%)
SC	लोहरदग्गा (3.31%) (15,330/4,61,790)	पलामू (27.6%) (5,36,385/19,39,869)
SC%	पाकुड़ (3.16%) 28,453/9,00,422 population high but SC less	चतरा (32.65%) 3,40,502/10,42,886
ST	कोडरमा 6,903/ 7,16,259	रांची 10,42,016/29,14,253
ST%	कोडरमा (0.96%) 6,876/ 7,16,259	खूँटी (73.25%) 3,89,605/5,31,885
OBC	खूँटी	गिरीडीह
अल्पसंखयक %	सरायकेला (6.86%)	सिमडेगा (53.81%)
नगरीय जनसंख्या (Urban Population)	गोड्डा	धनबाद

सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं जातीय जनगणना–2011

सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं जातीय जनगणना–2011 के अनुसार झारखण्ड राज्य में अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग (OBC) की कुल जनसंख्या 1.33 करोड़ है। यह राज्य की कुल जनसंख्या का 40.42% है।
राज्य में OBC की सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वाला जिला गिरिडीह है। इसके बाद क्रमशः देवघर, पलामू एवं सरायकेला-खरसावाँ हैं।
राज्य में OBC की न्यूनतम जनसंख्या वाला जिला खूंटी है।

अल्पसंख्यक आबादी प्रतिशत

राज्य में अल्पसंख्यक आबादी का सर्वाधिक प्रतिशत सिमडेगा (53.81%) तथा न्यूनतम प्रतिशत सरायकेला-खरसावाँ (6.86%) में है।
केंद्र सरकार द्वारा घोषित अल्पसंख्यक केंद्रित जिले (6) – सिमडेगा, पाकुड़, साहेबगंज, खूंटी, राँची, गुमला

झारखण्ड एवं भारत के जनसंख्या संबंधी आँकड़ों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन

विवरण	झारखण्ड	भारत
कुल जनसंख्या	3,29,88,134	1,21,05,69,573
पुरुष जनसंख्या	1,69,30,315 (51.32%)	62,31,21,843 (51.47%)
महिला जनसंख्या	1,60,57,819 (48.68%)	58,74,47,730 (48.53%)
ग्रामीण जनसंख्या	2,50,55,073 (75.95%)	83,34,63,448 (68.8%)
शहरी जनसंख्या	79,33,061 (24.05%)	37,71,06,125 (31.2%)
SC जनसंख्या	39,85,644 (12.08%)	20,13,78,086 (16.6%)
ST जनसंख्या	86,45,042 (26.20%)	10,42,81,034 (8.6%)

विवरण	झारखण्ड	भारत
दशकिय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	22.42%	17.7%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	414	382
लिंगानुपात	948	943
ग्रामीण लिंगानुपात	961	949
शहरी लिंगानुपात	910	929
SC लिंगानुपात	950	945
ST लिंगानुपात	1003	990
शिशु लिंगानुपात	948	919
साक्षरता दर	66.41%	73.0%
पुरुष साक्षरता दर	76.84%	80.9%

Highest VS Lowest

अन्य महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

- 2011 की जनगणना के समय झारखण्ड के जनगणना महानिदेशक सुनील कुमार बनवाला थे। इनके नेतृत्व में ही 2011 की जनगणना रिपोर्ट जारी की गयी थी।
- सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वाला प्रमण्डल उत्तरी छोटानागपुर तथा सबसे कम जनसंख्या वाला प्रमण्डल पलामू है।
- 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार, झारखण्ड में बेरोजगारी दर का प्रतिशत 3.1 प्रतिशत * था।

सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	राँची *	29,14,253
2	धनबाद	26,84,487
3	गिरिडीह	24,45,474
4	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	22,93,919
5	बोकारो	20,62,330

न्यूनतम जनसंख्या वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	लोहरदगा *	4,61,790
2	खूंटी	5,31,885
3	सिमडेगा	5,99,578
4	कोडरमा	7,16,259
5	लातेहार	7,26,978

सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	कोडरमा	43.42%
2	चतरा	31.77%
3	गिरिडीह	28.40%
4	पाकुड़	28.33%
5	देवघर	28.03%

न्यूनतम जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	धनबाद	11.99%
2	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	15.68%
3	बोकारो	16.01%
4	रामगढ़/हजारीबाग	17.85%
5	जामताड़ा/दुमका	20.05%

पेज 13

जनसंख्या घनत्व – 414 *
(2001 – 338)
जनसंख्या घनत्व की दृष्टि से देश में स्थान – 14वाँ

सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या घनत्व वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	धनबाद	1316
2	बोकारो	715
3	रामगढ़	708
4	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	644
5	देवघर	602

न्यूनतम जनसंख्या घनत्व वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	सिमडेगा	159
2	लातेहार	169
3	गुमला	191
4	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	208
5	खूंटी	210

लिंगानुपात – 948 *
(2001 – 941)
लिंगानुपात की दृष्टि से देश में स्थान – 17वाँ

लिंगानुपात का वर्गीकरण

वर्गीकरण	लिंगानुपात	2001 में लिंगानुपात
ग्रामीण लिंगानुपात	961	962
नगरीय लिंगानुपात	910	870
SC लिंगानुपात	950	–
ST लिंगानुपात	1003	–

सर्वाधिक लिंगानुपात वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	1005
2	सिमडेगा	997
3	खूंटी	997
4	गुमला	993
5	पाकुड़	989

न्यूनतम लिंगानुपात वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	धनबाद	909
2	रामगढ़	921
3	बोकारो	922
4	देवघर	925
5	पलामू	928

साक्षरता दर – 66.41% * (2001 – 53.56%)
साक्षरता दर की दृष्टि से देश में स्थान – 32वाँ

साक्षरता दर का वर्गीकरण

वर्गीकरण	2011 में साक्षरता दर	2001 में साक्षरता दर
पुरुष साक्षरता दर	76.84%	67.3%
महिला साक्षरता दर	55.42%	38.9%
ग्रामीण साक्षरता दर	61.1%	45.7%
नगरीय साक्षरता दर	82.3%	79.1%

सर्वाधिक साक्षरता दर वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	राँची	76.06%
2	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	75.49%
3	धनबाद	74.52%
4	रामगढ़	73.17%
5	बोकारो	72.01%

न्यूनतम साक्षरता दर वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या
1	पाकुड़	48.82%
2	साहेबगंज	52.04%
3	गोड्डा	56.40%
4	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	58.63%
5	लातेहार	59.51%

आँकड़ों में अन्य महत्वपूर्ण जिले

विवरण	जिला		संबंधित आँकड़ा
सर्वाधिक पुरुष साक्षरता		राँची	84.26%
न्यूनतम पुरुष साक्षरता	पाकुड़		57.06%
सर्वाधिक महिला साक्षरता	राँची		67.44%
न्यूनतम महिला साक्षरता	पाकुड़		40.52%
सर्वाधिक SC	पलामू		5,36,385
न्यूनतम SC	लोहरदगा		15,330
सर्वाधिक ST	राँची		10,42,016
न्यूनतम ST	कोडरमा		6,903
सर्वाधिक SC %	चतरा		32.65%
न्यूनतम SC %	पाकुड़		3.16%
सर्वाधिक ST %	खूंटी *		73.25%
न्यूनतम ST %	कोडरमा		0.96%
सर्वाधिक अल्पसंख्यक %	सिमडेगा		53.81%
न्यूनतम अल्पसंख्यक %	सरायकेला-खरसावाँ		6.86%

धर्म आधारित जनगणना के आँकड़े

क्र.सं.	धर्म	प्रतिशत
1	हिन्दू	67.83%
2	मुस्लिम	14.53%
3	ईसाई	4.30%
4	सिख	0.22%
5	जैन	0.05%
6	बौद्ध	0.03%
7	अन्य	13.04%

झारखण्ड में अनुसूचित जाति (SC) के जनसंख्या के आँकड़े

SC की कुल जनसंख्या – 39,85,644
कुल जनसंख्या का प्रतिशत – 12.08%

सर्वाधिक SC जनसंख्या वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या	SC का %
1	पलामू	5,36,382	13.46%
2	धनबाद	4,37,309	10.97%
3	चतरा	3,40,553	8.54%
4	गिरिडीह	3,25,493	8.16%
5	गढ़वा	3,19,946	8.03%

न्यूनतम SC जनसंख्या वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या	SC का %
1	लोहरदगा	15,330	0.38%
2	खूंटी	24,037	0.60%
3	पाकुड़	28,469	0.71%
4	गुमला	32,459	0.81%

झारखण्ड में अनुसूचित जनजाति (ST) के जनसंख्या के आँकड़े

ST की कुल जनसंख्या – 86,45,042
कुल जनसंख्या का प्रतिशत – 26.20%
झारखण्ड राज्य में कुल 32 अनुसूचित जनजाति समूहों का निवास है (पुराना के जुड़ने पर 33)

सर्वाधिक ST जनसंख्या वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या	ST का %
1	राँची	10,42,016	12.05%
2	प. सिंहभूम	10,11,296	11.70%
3	गुमला	7,06,754	8.18%
4	पू. सिंहभूम	6,53,923	7.56%
5	दुमका	5,71,077	6.61%

न्यूनतम ST जनसंख्या वाले जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या	ST का %
1	कोडरमा	6,903	0.08%
2	चतरा	45,556	0.53%
3	हजारीबाग	1,21,768	1.41%
4	देवघर	1,80,962	2.09%
5	पलामू	1,81,208	2.10%

राज्य की कुल जनजातीय आबादी में विभिन्न जनजातियों का प्रतिशत

क्र.सं.	जनजाति	2011	2001
1	संथाल *	31.86%	34.01%
2	उराँव	19.86%	19.62%
3	मुंडा	14.22%	14.81%
4	हो	10.74%	10.51%
5	खड़िया	2.88%	2.71%

राज्य की कुल आदिम जनजातीय आबादी में विभिन्न समूहों का प्रतिशत

क्र.सं.	जनजाति	प्रतिशत
1	माल पहाड़िया	46%
2	सौरिया पहाड़िया	16%
3	कोरवा	12%
4	परहिया	9%
5	असुर	8%
6	बिरहोर	4%
7	सवर	3%
8	बिरजिया	2%

राज्य की 91% अनुसूचित जनजाति ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में निवास करती है।

झारखण्ड में नगरीकरण

राज्य में नगरीय जनसंख्या (प्रतिशत में) – 24% *
राज्य में ग्रामीण जनसंख्या (प्रतिशत में) – 76%

नगरीय जनसंख्या की दृष्टि से झारखण्ड का देश में स्थान – 27वाँ

सर्वाधिक नगरीय जनसंख्या वाले पाँच जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या %
1	धनबाद *	58.13%
2	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	55.56%
3	बोकारो	47.70%
4	रामगढ़	44.13%
5	राँची	43.14%

न्यूनतम नगरीय जनसंख्या वाले पाँच जिले

क्र.सं.	जिला	जनसंख्या %
1	गोड्डा	4.91%
2	गढ़वा	5.27%
3	चतरा	6.04%
4	गुमला	6.35%
5	दुमका	6.82%

Chapter 4 : Jharkhand Districts

1. दक्षिणी छोटानागपुर प्रमंडल

Ranchi

रांची जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

मद	विवरण
गठन	1899
मुख्यालय	राँची
क्षेत्रफल	5,097 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	29,14,253
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	23.9%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	572*
लिंगानुपात	949
शिशु लिंगानुपात	938
साक्षरता दर	76.06%
अनुमंडल	02 (राँची सदर एवं बुंडू)

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

1. सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या*,

2. सर्वाधिक साक्षरता दर (76.06%),

3. सर्वाधिक पुरुष साक्षरता दर (84.26%),

4. सर्वाधिक महिला साक्षरता दर (67.44%),

5. सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जनजाति की जनसंख्या,

6. सर्वाधिक विधानसभा क्षेत्र (07),

7. संयुक्त बिहार की ग्रीष्मकालीन राजधानी,

8. उपनाम – झरनों का शहर*,

9. HEC के साथ–साथ CCL व SAIL का मुख्यालय अवस्थित

अन्य विवरण

शीर्षक	विवरण
प्रखण्ड	*18 (रातू, कांके, मांडर, नामकुम, बेड़ो, लापुंग, चान्हो, ओरमांझी, अनगड़ा, नगड़ी, खलारी, राहे, इटकी, सिल्ली, बुंडू, तमाड़, सोनाहातु, बुढ़मू**)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	07 (राँची, हटिया, कांके, मांडर, तमाड़, सिल्ली, खिजरी)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	20, 39, 43, 143AG
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. स्वर्ण रेखा, 2. दक्षिणी कोयल, 3. शंख, 4. हरमु नदी
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, चूना पत्थर, फायर क्ले, ग्रेनाइट, चायना क्ले, जस्ता, टिन, एस्बेस्टस, थोरियम, इल्मेनाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	1. हेवी इंजीनियरिंग कॉर्पोरेशन लि. (राँची)*, 2. इंडियन एल्युमिनियम कंपनी लि. (मुरी), 3. ए.सी.सी. सिमेंट लि. (खलारी), 4. उषा मार्टिन कंपनी (नामकुम), 5. गार्डन रीच शिपबिल्डर्स एण्ड इंजीनियरिंग लि.
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. हुंडरू जलप्रपात, 2. जोन्हा (गौतमीधारा) जलप्रपात, 3. दशम जलप्रपात, 4. सीता जलप्रपात, 5. टैगोर* हिल (मोरहाबादी पहाड़ी), 6. *पहाड़ी* *मंदिर,* 7. *जगन्नाथपुर* *मंदिर,* 8. *बिरसा* *जैविक* *उद्यान* (*ओरमांझी), 9. मैक्लुस्कीगंज, 10.* गेतलसूद डैम (ओरमांझी), 11. रॉक गार्डन, 12.* नक्षत्र वन, 13. रातू किला, 14. सिद्धू–कान्हू पार्क, 15. योगदा मठ आश्रम, 16. पिठोरिया (पहाड़ के ऊपर टुंगरी)

मैक्लुस्कीगंज*

मैक्लुस्कीगंज राँची जिला मुख्यालय से लगभग 60 कि.मी. की दूरी पर है।
• यह विश्व का एकमात्र एंग्लो-इंडियन गाँव है।
मैक्लुस्की ने 1933 ई. में ‘कोलोनाइजेशन सोसायटी ऑफ इंडिया’ का गठन किया तथा राँची महाराज से एक समझौते के तहत 10,000 एकड़ जमीन मैक्लुस्कीगंज गाँव की स्थापना हेतु प्राप्त किया था।

श्रेणी	विवरण
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	1. सूर्य मंदिर, 2. देउड़ी मंदिर, 3. पहाड़ी मंदिर, 4. जगन्नाथपुर मंदिर
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	5. राँची विश्वविद्यालय, 6. डॉ. श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी विश्वविद्यालय, 7. बिरसा कृषि विश्वविद्यालय, 8. केंद्रीय विश्वविद्यालय (ब्रांबे), 9. राष्ट्रीय विधि अध्ययन एवं अनुसंधान विश्वविद्यालय, 10. बिरला इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नोलॉजी, 11. मेसरा, 12. राँची कृषि महाविद्यालय, 13. छोटानागपुर लॉ कॉलेज, 14. इंडियन लाह एंड रिसर्च इंस्टिट्यूट (नामकुम), 15. कुष्ठ रोग अनुसंधान केन्द्र, 16. द जेवियर इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ सोशल साइंसेज (XISS), 17. भारतीय विधि माप विज्ञान संस्थान, 18. राँची आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान, 19. रिनपास, 20. श्री कृष्ण लोक प्रशासन प्रशिक्षण संस्थान, 21. झारखण्ड न्यायिक अकादमी, 22. रक्षा शक्ति विश्वविद्यालय, 23. भारतीय प्रबंधन संस्थान (IIM)
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	1. सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या, 2. सर्वाधिक* साक्षरता दर (76.06%), 3. सर्वाधिक पुरुष साक्षरता दर (84.26%), 4. सर्वाधिक महिला साक्षरता दर (67.44%), 5. सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जनजाति की जनसंख्या, 6. सर्वाधिक विधानसभा क्षेत्र (07), 7. संयुक्त बिहार की ग्रीष्मकालीन राजधानी, 8. उपनाम – झरनों का शहर, 9. HEC* के साथ–साथ CCL व SAIL का मुख्यालय अवस्थित
अन्य विवरण	1. एक मान्यता के अनुसार राँची का नामकरण ‘अरची’ (बांस के जंगल) से किया गया है। 2. शरत चंद्र राय के अनुसार राँची का नाम एक मुंडारी शब्द ‘अरांची’ (छोटी छड़ी) के नाम पर किया गया है। 3. एक लोककथा के अनुसार राँची का नामकरण पहाड़ी मंदिर क्षेत्र में पाये जाने वाले पक्षी ‘रिंची’ के नाम पर किया गया है। 4. पहाड़ी मंदिर को प्राचीन काल में ‘रिंची बुरू’ के नाम से जाना जाता था। 5. 1834 ई. में कैप्टन विल्किन्सन ने ‘दक्षिणी–पश्चिमी सीमांत एजेंसी’ की राजधानी किसुनपुर में स्थापित की, जिसका नाम बाद में राँची हो गया। 6. 1983 ई. में राँची जिला को तीन जिलों (राँची, लोहरदगा व गुमला) में विभाजित* किया गया था।

Khunti

खूंटी जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जनजाति प्रतिशत*

खूंटी जिला के सरिदकेल नामक स्थान से प्राचीन काल के कई अवशेष जैसे- जले हुए ईंटों के घर, लाल मिट्टी के बर्तन, सिक्के व लोहे उपकरण आदि प्राप्त हुए हैं।

श्रेणी	विवरण
गठन	12 सितम्बर, 2007 (राँची जिला से विभाजित) – 23वाँ जिला
मुख्यालय	खूंटी
क्षेत्रफल	2,535 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	5,31,885
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	22.32%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	210
लिंगानुपात	997
शिशु लिंगानुपात	964
साक्षरता दर	63.86%
अनुमंडल	01 (खूंटी)
प्रखण्ड	06 (खूंटी, तोरपा, मुरहू, अड़की, कर्रा एवं रनिया)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	02 (खूंटी एवं तोरपा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	20, 143D, 143AG
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. कांची, 2. कारो, 3. करकरी, 4. बनाई नदी
प्रमुख खनिज	चूना-पत्थर, इमारती पत्थर
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. पंचघाघ जलप्रपात, 2. रानी जलप्रपात, 3. बिरसा मृग विहार हिरण पार्क, 4. डोंबारी पहाड़ी (बिरसा मुंडा का जन्म स्थान), 5. उलिहातू, 6. उलिहातू पहाड़ी, 7. पांडुपुडिंग
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	शिव मंदिर, अमरेश्वर धाम
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जनजाति प्रतिशत*
अन्य विवरण	खूंटी जिला के सरिदकेल नामक स्थान से प्राचीन काल के कई अवशेष जैसे- जले हुए ईंटों के घर, लाल मिट्टी के बर्तन, सिक्के व लोहे उपकरण आदि प्राप्त हुए हैं।

डोंबारी बुरु (पहाड़ी)*

यह पहाड़ी खूंटी जिले के अड़की प्रखण्ड में स्थित है।
• बिरसा उलगुलान के दौरान 9 जनवरी, 1899 ई. को बिरसा मुंडा अपने 12 अनुयायियों के साथ एक सभा कर रहे थे। उन्हें सुनने हेतु आस-पास के गाँव से सैकड़ों लोग (महिलाओं एवं बच्चों सहित) सभा में आ गए जिसे अंग्रेजों ने चारों ओर से घेर कर निर्दोष लोगों को गोलियों से भून दिया था।
• इस दर्दनाक घटना में सैकड़ों लोग शहीद हो गये जबकि बिरसा मुंडा बचकर भागने में सफल रहे थे।

Gumla

गुमला जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
गठन	18 मई, 1983
मुख्यालय	गुमला
क्षेत्रफल	5,360 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	10,25,213
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	23.16%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	191
लिंगानुपात	993
शिशु लिंगानुपात	963
साक्षरता दर	75.55%
अनुमंडल	03 (गुमला, चैनपुर और बसिया)
प्रखण्ड	12 (गुमला, सिसई, बिशुनपुर, चैनपुर, घाघरा, डुमरी, बसिया, रायडीह, कामडारा, भरनो, पालकोट, अल्बर्ट एक्का)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	03 (गुमला, सिसई, बिशुनपुर)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (NH)	43, 143, 143A, 143B, 143D
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दक्षिण कोयल, 2. शंख
प्रमुख खनिज	1. बॉक्साइट, 2. चूना–पत्थर, 3. सीसा, 4. क्वार्ट्ज, 5. क्यानाइट, 6. लोहा
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. घाघरा जलप्रपात, 2. हेपाद जलप्रपात, 3. प्रेमाघाघ जलप्रपात, 4. पालकोट अभयारण्य, 5. नवरत्नगढ़* का किला, 6. पालकोट का राजमहल, 7. नागफेनी का राजमहल, 8. अंबाघाट, 9. पालकोट की गुफा*
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	महामाया मंदिर, अंजनधाम मंदिर, टांगीनाथ मंदिर
अन्य विवरण	माना जाता है कि गुमला शब्द की उत्पत्ति ‘गो-मेला’ से हुई है। गुमला जिला हनुमानजी की जन्मस्थली मानी जाती है। यहाँ अवस्थित ऋष्यमूक चोटी का उल्लेख रामायण में है।

सिमडेगा जिला

सिमडेगा जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

न्यूनतम जनसंख्या घनत्व (जनघनत्व) (159)

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य — समेकित तालिका

मद	विवरण
गठन	30 *अप्रैल, 2001 (गुमला जिला से विभाजित**)
मुख्यालय	सिमडेगा
क्षेत्रफल	3,774 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	5,99,578
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	16.58%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	159
लिंगानुपात	997
शिशु लिंगानुपात	969
साक्षरता दर	67.99%
अनुमंडल	01 (सिमडेगा)
प्रखण्ड	10 (सिमडेगा, कोलेबिरा, बानो, बांसजोर, जलडेगा, बोलबा, कुरडेग, पाकरटांड, केरसई, ठेठईटांगर)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	02 (सिमडेगा, कोलेबिरा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	143, 143D, 143H, 320G
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दक्षिण कोयल, 2. शंख
प्रमुख खनिज	1. क्वार्ट्ज, 2. चूना–पत्थर
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	न्यूनतम जनघनत्व (159)
अन्य विवरण	प्राचीन समय में सिमडेगा को राजा कटंग देव द्वारा शासित ‘बीरू–केशलपुर परगना’* के नाम से जाना जाता था।

लोहरदगा जिला

लोहरदगा जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

1. न्यूनतम जनसंख्या*,

2. अनुसूचित जनजाति की न्यूनतम जनसंख्या

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य (लोहरदगा जिला)

मद	विवरण
गठन	1983*
मुख्यालय	लोहरदगा
क्षेत्रफल	1,502 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	4,61,790
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	26.68%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	307
लिंगानुपात	985
शिशु लिंगानुपात	970
साक्षरता दर	67.61%
अनुमंडल	01 (लोहरदगा)
प्रखण्ड	07 (लोहरदगा, कुडू, किस्को, सेन्हा, पेशरार, केरू, भंडरा)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	01 (लोहरदगा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	39, 143A, 143AG
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दक्षिणी कोयल
प्रमुख खनिज	2. बॉक्साइट, 3. लेटराइट
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	राजकीय आयुर्वेद महाविद्यालय
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	3. न्यूनतम जनसंख्या, 4. अनुसूचित* जनजाति की न्यूनतम जनसंख्या
धार्मिक स्थल	वासुदेव राय मंदिर
अन्य विवरण	लोहरदगा का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘लोहा बनाने वालों का केंद्र’ होता है। आईन–ए–अकबरी पुस्तक में ‘किस्मते लोहरदगा’ शब्द का उल्लेख किया गया है।

लोहरदगा के बारे में

वर्ष 1983* में राँची जिला को तीन जिलों में (राँची, लोहरदगा व गुमला) में बाँटा गया, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप लोहरदगा जिला अस्तित्व में आया।
• लोहरदगा को 1972 ई. में अनुमंडल का दर्जा प्रदान किया गया था।
• जैन साहित्य के अनुसार, महावीर जैन ने ‘लोहर–ए–युद्धा’ (लोहरदगा) की यात्रा की थी, जिसका मुंडारी में अर्थ ‘आँसुओं की नदी’ होता है।
• आईन-ए-अकबरी पुस्तक में ‘किस्मते लोहरदगा’ नामक एक स्थान का वर्णन मिलता है, जिसका संबंध वर्तमान लोहरदगा से बताया जाता है।
• लोहरदगा (लोहार+डागा) माना जाता है, जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘लौह खनन का केंद्र’ माना जाता है।

2. उत्तरी छोटानागपुर प्रमंडल

हजारीबाग

हजारीबाग जिला

समेकित तालिका (भाग–1)

मद	विवरण
गठन	1834
मुख्यालय	हजारीबाग
क्षेत्रफल	3,555 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	17,34,495
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	20.65%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	488
लिंगानुपात	947
शिशु लिंगानुपात	933
साक्षरता दर	69.75%
अनुमंडल	02 (हजारीबाग एवं बरही)
प्रखण्ड	16 (हजारीबाग सदर, बरही, बड़कागाँव, बरकट्टा, केरेडारी, चौपारण, पदमा, इचाक, विष्णुगढ़, चुरचु, टाटीझरिया, दारू, कटकमदाग, कटकमसांडी, चलकुशा, डाडी)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	04 (हजारीबाग, बरही, बड़कागांव, बरकट्ठा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (NH)	19, 20, 522
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दामोदर, 2. बराकर, 3. भैरवी
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, चूना-पत्थर, अभ्रक, क्वार्ट्ज, चायराइट, फेल्स्पार, फायरक्ले, जस्ता, टिन, टंगस्टन, अभ्रक, लोहा
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. हजारीबाग अभयारण्य, 2. सालपण् झील, 3. सूर्यकुंड, 4. रानीबहल गर्म जलकुंड, 5. कोनार डैम, 6. चंद्रपुरा हिरण पार्क, 7. इस्को की पेंटिंग, 8. बरसो पानी, 9. पद्मा का किला, 10. बादम का किला, 11. सीतागढ़ा पहाड़ (4 आकृतियों वाला बौद्ध स्तूप), 12. महुदी पहाड़ (गुप्तकालीन पत्थर काटकर मंदिर का निर्माण)
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	1. विनोबा भावे विश्वविद्यालय*, 2. भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान (बरही), 3. मृदा शोध एवं अनुसंधान संस्थान, 4. चावल अनुसंधान संस्थान, 5. पुलिस प्रशिक्षण केंद्र, 6. सीमा सुरक्षा बल प्रशिक्षण केंद्र एवं स्कूल (मेरु)
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	झारखण्ड में सर्वाधिक वर्षा वाला जिला, प्रमुख चोटियाँ – चंदवार व जिलिंजा
अन्य विवरण	उपनाम – हजार बागों का शहर

रामगढ़ जिला

रामगढ़ जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

न्यूनतम क्षेत्रफल वाला जिला (1,341 वर्ग कि.मी.)

मद	विवरण
गठन	12 *सितम्बर, 2007 (हजारीबाग जिला से विभाजित**)
मुख्यालय	रामगढ़
क्षेत्रफल	1,341 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	9,49,443
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	13.10%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	708
लिंगानुपात	921
शिशु लिंगानुपात	927
साक्षरता दर	73.17%
अनुमंडल	01 (रामगढ़)
प्रखण्ड	06 (रामगढ़, मांडू, पतरातू, गोला, चितरपुर, दुलमी)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	02 (रामगढ़ एवं मांडू)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (NH)	20, 320, 419
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दामोदर, 2. कोनार, 3. भैरवी, 4. बोकारो
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, चूना-पत्थर, क्वार्ट्ज, फायरक्ले, फेल्स्पार
प्रमुख उद्योग	इंडो-आसाई ग्लास फैक्ट्री
1. प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	2. रजरप्पा जलप्रपात, 3. पतरातू डैम, 4. चुटुपालू घाटी, 5. ललकी* घाटी*
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	माँ छिन्नमस्तिका मंदिर (रजरप्पा)
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	न्यूनतम क्षेत्रफल वाला जिला (1,341 वर्ग कि.मी.)
अन्य विवरण	रामगढ़ जिला का नामकरण दलेल सिंह (रामगढ़ के राजा) के पिता राम सिंह के नाम पर किया गया है।

बुजुर्ग जमीर गांव

पतरातू प्रखण्ड में अवस्थित इस गाँव में ऐतिहासिक कब्रिस्तान है, जिसे चाइना कब्रिस्तान के नाम से जाना जाता है।
• इस कब्रिस्तान में द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के दौरान मारे गये 670 चीनी सैनिकों को (मेजर जनरल यांग सहित) दफन किया गया था।
• यह गाँव भदानीनगर के समीप अवस्थित है।

चतरा जिला

चतरा जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

1. सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जाति का प्रतिशत (32.65%),

2. दूसरा सर्वाधिक वन प्रतिशत (47.80%),

3. सबसे छोटा संसदीय क्षेत्र

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
गठन	29 मई, 1991*
मुख्यालय	चतरा
क्षेत्रफल	3,718 वर्ग कि.मी.*
कुल जनसंख्या	10,42,886
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	31.77%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	280
लिंगानुपात	953
शिशु लिंगानुपात	967
साक्षरता दर	60.18%
अनुमंडल	02 (चतरा एवं सिमरिया)
प्रखण्ड	12 (चतरा, सिमरिया, हंटरगंज, इटखोरी, टंडवा, प्रतापपुर, लावालोंग, पत्थलगड़ा, मयूरहंड, कुंडा, गिद्धौर, कान्हा चट्टी)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	02 (चतरा एवं सिमरिया)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	22, 522
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दामोदर, 2. बराकर, 3. पुनपुन
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, अभ्रक, चूना-पत्थर
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. कोल्हुआ पहाड़, 2. लावालोंग अभयारण्य, 3. दुग्धेश्वर जलप्रपात, 4. महेंद्रपाल का शिलालेख
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	1. भद्रकाली मंदिर (इटखोरी), 2. कौलेश्वरी मंदिर, 3. सहस्त्रबुद्ध* मंदिर
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	4. सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जाति का प्रतिशत (32.65%), 5. दूसरा सर्वाधिक वन प्रतिशत (47.80%), 6. सबसे छोटा संसदीय क्षेत्र

कोडरमा जिला

कोडरमा जिला — समेकित तालिका

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

1. न्यूनतम अनुसूचित जनजाति जनसंख्या वाला जिला,

2. न्यूनतम अनुसूचित जनजाति का प्रतिशत (0.96%),

3. सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर (43.42%)

अन्य विवरण

कोडरमा को भारत की अभ्रक राजधानी भी कहा जाता है।

मद	विवरण
गठन	10 अप्रैल, 1994
मुख्यालय	कोडरमा
क्षेत्रफल	2,540 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	7,16,259
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	43.42%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	280
लिंगानुपात	953
शिशु लिंगानुपात	949
साक्षरता दर	66.84%
अनुमंडल	01 (कोडरमा)
प्रखण्ड	06 (कोडरमा, सतगांवा, डोमचांच, मरकच्चो, चंदवारा, जयनगर)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	01 (कोडरमा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (NH)	20
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. बराकर, 2. सकरी, 3. बरसोती
प्रमुख खनिज	अभ्रक, चूना, क्वार्ट्ज
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. तिलैया डैम, 2. गौतम बुद्ध अभयारण्य, 3. कोडरमा अभयारण्य, 4. सतगांव
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	4. न्यूनतम अनुसूचित जनजाति जनसंख्या वाला जिला, 5. न्यूनतम अनुसूचित जनजाति का प्रतिशत (0.96%), 6. सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर (43.42%)
अन्य विवरण	कोडरमा को भारत की अभ्रक राजधानी भी कहा जाता है।

गिरिडीह जिला

गिरिडीह जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

सर्वाधिक अनुमंडल वाला जिला (04)

मद	विवरण
गठन	4 दिसम्बर, 1972
मुख्यालय	गिरिडीह
क्षेत्रफल	4,962 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	24,45,474
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	28.41%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	493
लिंगानुपात	944
शिशु लिंगानुपात	942
साक्षरता दर	63.14%
अनुमंडल	04 (गिरिडीह, बगोदर/सरिया, डुमरी, खोरीमहुआ)
प्रखण्ड	13 (गिरिडीह, बगोदर, डुमरी, धनवार, जमुआ, गांडेय, देवरी, गाँवा, तिसरी, पीरटांड़, बिरनी, बेंगाबाद, सरिया)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	06 (गिरिडीह, बगोदर, डुमरी, धनवार, जमुआ, गांडेय**)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	19, 114A, 522
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दामोदर, 2. बराकर, 3. सकरी
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, अभ्रक, क्वार्ट्जाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	भारत माइका इंडस्ट्रीज प्रा. लि.
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. पारसनाथ, 2. उसरी* जलप्रपात, 3. खंडोली*
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	1. पारसनाथ, 2. झारखण्ड धाम मंदिर, 3. मधुबन का जैन मंदिर
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	मुग्धिपाल शोध एवं विकास संस्थान, यूनानी मेडिकल कॉलेज
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	सर्वाधिक अनुमंडल वाला जिला (04)

बोकारो जिला

बोकारो जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
गठन	1 अप्रैल, 1991*
मुख्यालय	बोकारो
क्षेत्रफल	2,883 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	20,62,330*
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	16.01%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	715
लिंगानुपात	922
शिशु लिंगानुपात	923
साक्षरता दर	72.01%
अनुमंडल	02 (चास एवं बेरमो)
प्रखण्ड	09 (चास, बेरमो, गोमिया, चंदनक्यारी, चंद्रपुरा, नावाडीह, कसमार, पेटरवार, जरीडीह)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	04 (बोकारो, बेरमो, गोमिया, चंदनक्यारी)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	18, 218, 320
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दामोदर, 2. कोनार, 3. घाघो
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. तेनुघाट डैम, 2. बोकारो थर्मल पावर स्टेशन (बीटीपीएस), 3. जवाहरलाल जैविक उद्यान, 4. दुर्गापुर पहाड़, 5. नेहरू पार्क, 6. सिटी पार्क, 7. चंद्रपुरा पक्षी विहार
अन्य विवरण	बोकारो भारत के नियोजित शहरों (Planned Cities) में शामिल है। माराफारी बोकारो जिला का सबसे पुराना अधिवासित क्षेत्र (Settlement Area) है। बोकारो जिला का निर्माण गिरिडीह व धनबाद* जिला को काटकर किया गया है।

धनबाद जिला

धनबाद जिला


गठन	24 अक्टूबर, 1956*
मुख्यालय	धनबाद
क्षेत्रफल	2,040 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	26,84,487
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	11.99%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	1,316
लिंगानुपात	909
शिशु लिंगानुपात	916
साक्षरता दर	74.52%
अनुमंडल	01 (धनबाद)
प्रखण्ड	10 (धनबाद, निरसा, बाघमारा, टुंडी, पूर्वी टुंडी, गोविंदपुर, तोपचांची, बलियापुर, कलियासोल, एगारकुंड) (नोट– मानचित्र में दर्शाए गये झरिया प्रखण्ड का धनबाद नगर निगम में विलय के बाद अब जिले में 10 प्रखण्ड हैं।)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	*06 (धनबाद, झरिया, निरसा, बाघमारा, निरसा, टुंडी**)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	18, 19, 218, 419
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. दामोदर, 2. बराकर, 3. गोवाई
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, क्वार्ट्ज, फेल्स्पार, फायरक्ले, थोरियम
1. प्रमुख उद्योग	2. खाद एवं रसायन उद्योग (सिंदरी), 3. रिलायंस, 4. फायरब्रिक्स एंड पौटरिज कंपनी (चिरकुंडा* – यहाँ 25 वर्ग कि.मी. के दायरे में 250 उद्योग स्थापित हैं), 5. बिहार फायरब्रिक्स (मुगमा), 6. शालीमार तार प्रोडक्ट्स (झरिया), 7. धनबाद इंजीनियरिंग वर्क्स (कुमारधुबी), 8. हिंदुस्तान स्टील लिमिटेड, 9. बीसीसीएल
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. मैथन डैम, 2. पंचेत डैम, 3. तोपचांची झील, 4. तिलैया* गर्म जलकुंड, 5. पंचकोट का किला, 6. झरियागढ़ महल
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	1. इंडियन स्कूल ऑफ माइन्स (IIT), 2. केंद्रीय खनन एवं अनुसंधान संस्थान, 3. बिरसा इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नोलॉजी (सिंदरी), धनबाद लॉ कॉलेज
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	1. दूसरी सर्वाधिक जनसंख्या वाला जिला, 2. सर्वाधिक जनघनत्व (1316), 3. न्यूनतम लिंगानुपात (909), 4. न्यूनतम शिशु लिंगानुपात (916), 5. तीसरा न्यूनतम क्षेत्रफल (213 वर्ग कि.मी.)
अन्य विवरण	धनबाद जिला का गठन मानभूम जिला को विभाजित करके राज्य पुनर्गठन आयोग की सिफारिश पर किया गया था।

3. पलामू प्रमंडल

पलामू जिला

पलामू जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
गठन	1 जनवरी, 1892
मुख्यालय	मेदिनीनगर
क्षेत्रफल	4,393 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	19,39,869
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	26.17%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	442
लिंगानुपात	928
शिशु लिंगानुपात	945
साक्षरता दर	63.63%
अनुमंडल	03 (मेदिनीनगर, हुसैनाबाद, छतरपुर)
प्रखण्ड	21 (मेदिनीनगर, हुसैनाबाद, छतरपुर, विश्रामपुर, पांकी, चैनपुर, हरिहरगंज, पाटन, लेस्लीगंज/नीलांबर–पीताम्बरपुर, सतबरवा, मनातू, नवाबाजार, उंटारी रोड, पांडू, मोहम्मदगंज, हैदरनगर, पंडवा, नावडीहा बाजार, पिपरा, तरहसी, रामगढ़)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	05 (डाल्टनगंज, हुसैनाबाद, छतरपुर, विश्रामपुर, पांकी)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	39, 139
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. उत्तरी कोयल, 2. अमानत, 3. सोन नदी
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, फायरक्ले, चूना-पत्थर, ग्रेफाइट*, लोहा, सीसा, चाँदी, जस्ता, बॉक्साइट, डोलोमाइट, मैग्नेटाइट, क्वार्ट्जाइट, लोहा
प्रमुख उद्योग	जपला सीमेंट संयंत्र, बिहार कास्टिक सोडा एंड केमिकल्स
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. पलामू अभयारण्य, 2. मेदिनीनगर का किला, 3. शाहपुर का किला, 4. रोहिल्ला का किला
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	1. नीलांबर-पीताम्बर विश्वविद्यालय, 2. राष्ट्रीय तिलहन शोध व विकास संस्थान
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	सर्वाधिक अनुसूचित जाति की जनसंख्या वाला जिला, सर्वाधिक प्रखण्ड (21)
अन्य विवरण	मेदिनीनगर का पुराना नाम डाल्टनगंज है, जो कर्नल एडवर्ड टी. डाल्टन के नाम पर रखा गया था।

गढ़वा जिला

गढ़वा जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
गठन	1 अप्रैल, 1991*
मुख्यालय	गढ़वा
क्षेत्रफल	4,093 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	13,22,784
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	27.75%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	323
लिंगानुपात	935
शिशु लिंगानुपात	960
साक्षरता दर	60.33%
अनुमंडल	03 (गढ़वा, नगर उंटारी, रंका)
प्रखण्ड	20 (गढ़वा, भवनाथपुर, नगर* उंटारी, रंका, मेराल, रमना, मझिआंव, धुरकी, रमकंडा, डंडा, कांडी, खरौंधी, चिनिया, विशुनपुर, केतार, बरडीहा, बड़गड़, डंडई, बरडीहा)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	*02 (गढ़वा एवं भवनाथपुर**)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	39, 343
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. उत्तरी कोयल, 2. अमानत, 3. सोन नदी
प्रमुख खनिज	चूना-पत्थर, ग्रेफाइट, डोलोमाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	बिहार कास्टिक एंड केमिकल लि.
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. सूखाडांडी जलप्रपात, 2. बलचौरा जलप्रपात, 3. गुरसिंधु जलप्रपात, 4. विश्रामपुर का किला, 5. रोहिल्ला का किला
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	वंशीधर मंदिर (नगर उंटारी)
अन्य विवरण	यह झारखण्ड का सबसे पश्चिमी जिला है।

लातेहार जिला

लातेहार जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

सर्वाधिक वन प्रतिशत वाला जिला (56.0%)

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य
गठन	4 अप्रैल, 2001 (पलामू जिला से विभाजित)
मुख्यालय	लातेहार
क्षेत्रफल	4,291 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	7,26,978
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	29.61%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	169
लिंगानुपात	967
शिशु लिंगानुपात	968

साक्षरता दर	59.51%
अनुमंडल	02 (लातेहार एवं महुआडांड़)
प्रखण्ड	*10 (लातेहार, मनिका, महुआडांड़, गारू, बरवाडीह, चंदवा, बालूमाथ, बारियातू, हेरहंज, सरयू**)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	*02 (लातेहार एवं मनिका**)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	22, 39, 143B
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. उत्तरी कोयल, 2. औरंगा नदी, 3. दामोदर (उद्गम)
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, चूना-पत्थर, बॉक्साइट, लोहा
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. बूढ़ाघाघ जलप्रपात, 2. कांति जलप्रपात, 3. लोध जलप्रपात, 4. घाघरी जलप्रपात, 5. मिरचइया जलप्रपात, बेतला राष्ट्रीय उद्यान, 6. महुआडांड़* अभयारण्य, 7. पलामू टाइगर रिजर्व, 8. पलामू किला, 9. नेतरहाट, 10. तातापानी गर्म जलकुंड
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	माँ उग्रतारा मंदिर (चंदवा)
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	नेतरहाट आवासीय विद्यालय
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	सर्वाधिक वन प्रतिशत वाला जिला (56.0%)
अन्य विवरण	एक मान्यता के अनुसार लातेहार का नामकरण ‘लताओं का हार’ के नाम पर किया गया है।

नेतरहाट

नेतरहाट को ‘पहाड़ों की रानी’, ‘पहाड़ियों की मल्लिका’ तथा ‘सूर्योदय एवं सूर्यास्त का सौंदर्यस्थल’ भी कहते हैं।
नेतरहाट एक पठारी क्षेत्र है जो चारों ओर से पहाड़ियों, नदी, झरने और जंगलों से घिरा हुआ है।
नेतरहाट की ऊँचाई समुद्रतल से लगभग 3700 फीट है।
नेतरहाट झारखण्ड में न्यूनतम तापमान वाला स्थान भी है।
नेतरहाट के निकट विभिन्न घाट हैं जैसे नेतरहाट घाट, पुसरी घाट, दुर्मा घाट, जोभी घाट, झुमरी घाट, तस्सम घाट आदि।
नेतरहाट के नामकरण को लेकर दो धारणाएँ हैं।
पहली धारणा यह है कि यहाँ पहले बाँस का बाजार लगता था जिसके कारण इसका नाम बाँस (नेतर) व बाजार (हाट) को मिलाकर किया गया।
दूसरी धारणा के अनुसार अंग्रेजी के शब्द ‘नेचर’ व ‘हार्ट’ को मिलाकर यह नाम बना है।

बिहार एवं उड़ीसा के तत्कालीन गवर्नर जनरल सर एडवर्ड गेट ने ग्रीष्मकालीन प्रवास हेतु नेतरहाट को विकसित किया था।
नेतरहाट में लगभग 100 वर्षों तक ब्रिटिश सरकार का मिलिट्री कैंप भी स्थापित रहा, जिसे पानी की अनुपलब्धता के कारण बंद कर दिया गया था।
• यहाँ मुख्य रूप से असुर, बिरजिया, बिरहोर आदि जनजातियाँ निवास करती हैं, जिनमें असुर सबसे पुरानी जनजाति है।
• नेतरहाट का ‘मैग्नोलिया पॉइंट’ सूर्यास्त के मनोरम दृश्य हेतु अत्यंत लोकप्रिय है।

4. कोल्हान प्रमंडल

पूर्वी सिंहभूम जिला

पूर्वी सिंहभूम जिला

मद	विवरण
गठन	16 जनवरी, 1990*
मुख्यालय	जमशेदपुर
क्षेत्रफल	3,562 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	22,93,919
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	15.68%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	644
लिंगानुपात	949
शिशु लिंगानुपात	923
साक्षरता दर	75.49%
अनुमंडल	02 (घाटशिला एवं दलभूम)
प्रखण्ड	11 (घाटशिला, पोटका, बहरागोड़ा, गोलमुरी सह जुगसलाई, धालभूमगढ़, मुसाबनी, पटमदा, चाकुलिया, बोड़ाम, डुमरिया, गुड़ाबांधा)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	06 (जमशेदपुर पूर्वी, जमशेदपुर पश्चिमी, घाटशिला, पोटका, बहरागोड़ा, जुगसलाई*)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग (NH)	18, 43, 49, 118
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. स्वर्णरेखा, 2. गारानाला , 3. खरकई
प्रमुख खनिज	लोहा, चूना-पत्थर, बालू, सोना, यूरेनियम, टंगस्टन, क्यानाइट, पाइराइट, फायरक्ले, मैंगनीज, तांबा, क्वार्ट्जाइट, मैग्नेटाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	1. टाटा स्टील, 2. टाटा मोटर्स, 3. इंडियन कॉपर कॉर्पोरेशन, 4. इंडियन स्टील एंड वायर कंपनी, 5. इंडियन ट्यूब कंपनी, 6. उषा मार्टिन इंडस्ट्रीज, 7. तांबा शोधन केन्द्र (घाटशिला), 8. हिंदुस्तान कॉपर लि. (जादूगोड़ा)
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. जुबली पार्क, 2. डिमना* लेक, 3. दालमा अभयारण्य, 4. दालमा पहाड़ी, 5. धारागिरी जलप्रपात, 6. जादूगोड़ा का यूरेनियम खान, 7. घाटशिला का फुलडुंगरी पहाड़ी (घाटशिला), 8. *माइकल* *जॉन* *सभागार* (*जमशेदपुर*)
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	चित्रेश्वर, रंकिनी मंदिर
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	1. राष्ट्रीय धातु विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला (जमशेदपुर), 2. नेशनल इंस्टिट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नोलॉजी (जमशेदपुर), 3. एमजीएम मेडिकल कॉलेज (जमशेदपुर)*, 4. एक्स.एल.आर.आई (जमशेदपुर), 5. परमाणु ऊर्जा केंद्रीय विद्यालय (जादूगोड़ा)
अन्य विवरण	स्वतंत्रता से पूर्व पूर्वी सिंहभूम मानभूम तथा धालभूम क्षेत्र का भाग था।

पश्चिमी सिंहभूम जिला

पश्चिमी सिंहभूम जिला

गठन	16 जनवरी, 1990
मुख्यालय	चाईबासा
क्षेत्रफल	7,224 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	15,02,338
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	21.75%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	208
लिंगानुपात	1005
शिशु लिंगानुपात	983
साक्षरता दर	58.63%
अनुमंडल	03 (सिंहभूम सदर, जगन्नाथपुर, पोड़ाहाट)
प्रखण्ड	18 (चाईबासा, जगन्नाथपुर, मनो. हरपुर, चक्रधरपुर, मंझगाँव, हाट गम्हरिया, झींकपानी, कुमारडुगी, खूँटपानी, मंझरी, गुदड़ी, बंदगाँव, टोंटो, आनंदपुर, सोनुआ, गोईलकेरा, तांतनगर, नोआमुंडी)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	05 (चाईबासा, जगन्नाथपुर, मनो. हरपुर, चक्रधरपुर, मंझगांव)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	20, 43, 220, 320D, 320G
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. स्वर्णरेखा, 2. दक्षिणी कोयल, 3. खरकई, 4. वैतरणी, 5. कारो, 6. कोयना, 7. देव
प्रमुख खनिज	लौह-अयस्क, चूना-पत्थर, मैंगनीज, सोना, तांबा, एस्बेस्टस, बॉक्साइट, क्यानाइट, जस्ता, क्रोमाइट, क्वार्ट्जाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	1. इंजीनियरिंग वर्क्सशॉप (सीनी), 2. एसीसी सीमेंट गेज लि. (चाईबासा), 3. झींकपानी सीमेंट वर्क्स
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	4. हिरनी जलप्रपात, 5. लुपुंगटु प्रपात, 6. घाघीरथी प्रपात, 7. जोजोहातू, 8. रामतीर्थ, 9. बेनीसागर, 10. सारंडा वन , 11.* जैतगढ़ का किला, 12. जगन्नाथ का किला
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	बेनिसागर का शिव मंदिर, महादेवशाला मंदिर
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक स्थान	कोल्हान विश्वविद्यालय (चाईबासा)
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	1. सर्वाधिक लिंगानुपात (1005), 2. सर्वाधिक शिशु लिंगानुपात (983), 3. सर्वाधिक क्षेत्रफल* (7,224 वर्ग कि.मी.), 4. सर्वाधिक वनक्षेत्र (3,368 वर्ग कि.मी.), 5. सबसे बड़ा संसदीय क्षेत्र
अन्य विवरण	· एक मान्यता के अनुसार सिंहभूम (सिंहों की भूमि) का नामकरण पोड़ाहाट के सिंह राजाओं के नाम पर किया गया है। · एक अन्य मान्यता के अनुसार सिंहभूम नामकरण मुंडा-भूमिज जनजातियों के देवता ‘सिंह-बोंगा’ (सिंगबोंगा) के नाम किया गया है। यह झारखण्ड का सबसे दक्षिणी जिला है।

सारंडा वन

सारंडा वन को ‘सात सौ पहाड़ियों का घर’ कहा जाता है।
सारंडा वन को एशिया में साल वृक्ष का सबसे घना वन माना जाता है। साल के अतिरिक्त इस वन में सागवान, महुआ, केंदू, बेर, अर्जुन, कुसुम आदि के वृक्ष भी मौजूद हैं।
जैव-विविधता से पूर्ण इस वन में वृक्षों के साथ-साथ वन्यजीवों की भी कई प्रजातियाँ पायी जाती हैं, जिसमें चीता, तेंदुआ, हाथी, भालू, जंगली सूअर, जंगली भैंसा, सांभर, चीतल आदि प्रमुख हैं|

सरायकेला-खरसावाँ जिला

सरायकेला–खरसावाँ जिला

गठन	30 अप्रैल, 2001 (पश्चिमी सिंहभूम जिला से विभाजित)
मुख्यालय	सरायकेला
क्षेत्रफल	2,657 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	10,65,056
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	25.47%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	401
लिंगानुपात	956
शिशु लिंगानुपात	943
साक्षरता दर	67.70%
अनुमंडल	02 (सरायकेला एवं चांडिल)
प्रखण्ड	09 (सरायकेला, खरसावाँ, ईचागढ़, चांडिल, गमहरिया, कुकडू, नीमडीह, राजनगर, कुचई)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	03 (सरायकेला, खरसावाँ, ईचागढ़)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	43, 320D
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. स्वर्णरेखा, 2. खरकई (सरायकेला शहर इसी नदी के तट पर स्थित है) * 3. करकरी, 4. संजय
प्रमुख खनिज	सोना, कायनाइट, एस्बेस्टस, वेनेडियम, तांबा, क्रोमाइट, क्वार्टजाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	सरायकेला ग्लास वर्क्स प्रा. लि., बिहार स्पंज आयरन (चांडिल)*
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. ईचागढ़ 2. पक्षी विहार
अन्य विवरण	सरायकेला के सिंह देव परिवार के सदस्य छऊ नृत्य के संरक्षक हैं।

5. संताल परगना प्रमंडल

दुमका जिला

दुमका जिला

मद	विवरण
गठन	1983 (1855 में उपजिला के रूप में गठन)
मुख्यालय	दुमका
क्षेत्रफल	3,761 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	13,21,442
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	19.42%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	351
लिंगानुपात	977
शिशु लिंगानुपात	966
साक्षरता दर	61.02%
अनुमंडल	01 (दुमका सदर)
प्रखण्ड	*10 (दुमका, शिकारीपाड़ा, जरमुंडी, जामा, सरैयाहाट, रामगढ़, रानेश्वर, काठीकुंड, गोपिकांदर, मसलिया**)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	04 (दुमका, शिकारीपाड़ा, जरमुंडी, जामा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	114A, 133
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. मयूराक्षी, 2. बांसलोई, 3. ब्राह्मणी, 4. अजय
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, सीसा, चूना-पत्थर, फायरक्ले, क्वार्ट्जाइट, फेल्स्पार
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. मसानजोर डैम, 2. झुमका जलकुंड , 3. तपातपानी जलकुंड, 4. झरियापानी जलकुंड, 5. ततलोई जलकुंड , 6. बाराझरना, 7. मलूटी गाँव *
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	1. वासुकीनाथ मंदिर, 2. छोटेनाथ की मूर्ति, 3. दानीनाथ मंदिर (काठीकुंड) *
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	सिद्धो-कान्हू विश्वविद्यालय (दुमका)
अन्य विवरण	एक मान्यता के अनुसार दुमका नाम संथाली शब्द ‘दुमक’ (छोटा) से जुड़ा है, क्योंकि ब्रिटिश काल में रामपुरहाट व भागलपुर की तुलना में दुमका छोटा शहर था। · एक अन्य मान्यता के अनुसार फारसी शब्द ‘दामिन–ए–कोह’ से लिया गया है, जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ पहाड़ियों का किनारा होता है।

मलूटी गाँव

यह गाँव दुमका जिले के शिकारीपाड़ा प्रखण्ड में अवस्थित है।
• इसे ‘मंदिरों का गाँव* नगर’ कहा जाता है। इस गाँव को ‘गुप्तकाशी’ भी कहा जाता है।
• इस गाँव में पूर्व में यहाँ 108 मंदिर थे जिनमें से वर्तमान में 72 मंदिर ही शेष बचे हैं। इनमें से 52 शिव मंदिर तथा शेष अन्य देवी–देवताओं के मंदिर हैं।
• सभी शिव मंदिरों का निर्माण ‘बंगाल शैली’ में किया गया है, जो एक कक्षावाला ‘चार चाला कुटीर’ की आकृति में है।
• इन मंदिरों में टेराकोटा से अत्यंत मनोहारी चित्र बनाये गये हैं, जिसके कारण इसे ‘टेराकोटा मंदिर’ भी कहा जाता है।
• इन मंदिरों का निर्माण नानकर राज्य के संस्थापक बसंत राय एवं उनके राजपरिवार द्वारा 16वीं शताब्दी में कराया गया था।
• 1979 से पूर्व इस गाँव के बारे में गांव के बाहर के लोग अधिक नहीं जानते थे। परन्तु 1979 में भागलपुर के तत्कालीन आयुक्त अशोक कुमार पाठक इस गाँव में पहुंचे तथा मंदिरों के इस गाँव को देखकर इसकी जानकारी भारतीय पुरातत्व विभाग एवं बिहार पुरातत्व विभाग को दी, जिसके बाद इसके संरक्षण का कार्य प्रारम्भ किया गया।
• सन् 2015 के गणतंत्र दिवस समारोह में झारखण्ड के मलूटी मंदिर झांकी* को राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर द्वितीय पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया था।

जामताड़ा जिला

जामताड़ा जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

न्यूनतम वन क्षेत्र (101 वर्ग कि.मी.), न्यूनतम वन प्रतिशत (5.56%)

गठन	26 अप्रैल, 2001 (दुमका जिला से विभाजित)
मुख्यालय	जामताड़ा
क्षेत्रफल	1,811 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	7,91,042
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	21.12%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	437
लिंगानुपात	954
शिशु लिंगानुपात	954
साक्षरता दर	64.59%
अनुमंडल	01 (जामताड़ा)
प्रखण्ड	06 (जामताड़ा, नाला, नारायणपुर, कुंडहित, करमाटांड़–विद्यासागर, फतेहपुर)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	02 (जामताड़ा, नाला)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	419
प्रमुख नदियाँ	अजय
प्रमुख खनिज	चूना-पत्थर, क्वार्ट्ज, फेल्स्पार
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	मिहिजाम
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	कल्याणेश्वरी मंदिर
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	न्यूनतम वन क्षेत्र (101 वर्ग कि.मी.), न्यूनतम वन प्रतिशत (5.56%)

देवघर जिला

देवघर जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

दूसरा न्यूनतम वन क्षेत्र (203 वर्ग कि.मी.) व

वन प्रतिशत (8.22%)

अन्य विवरण

प्राचीन काल में इसे ‘हरितकीवान’ नाम से जाना जाता था। *

मद	विवरण
गठन	1 जून, 1983
मुख्यालय	देवघर
क्षेत्रफल	2,477 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	14,92,073
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	28.03%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	602
लिंगानुपात	925
शिशु लिंगानुपात	950
साक्षरता दर	64.85%
अनुमंडल	02 (देवघर एवं मधुपुर)
प्रखण्ड	10 (देवघर, मधुपुर, सारठ, मोहनपुर, करों, सारवां, देवीपुर, पालोजोरी, मारगो मुंडा, सानारायठाडी)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	03 (देवघर, मधुपुर, सारठ *)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	114A, 133, 333
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. अजय, 2. पथरा, 3. जयंती, 4. मयूराक्षी, 5. ब्राह्मणी
प्रमुख खनिज	क्वार्टजाइट
प्रमुख उद्योग	डॉबर दवा कंपनी (जसीडीह), हैदराबाद इंडस्ट्रीज
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. त्रिकूट पहाड़ी, 2. बकुलिया प्रपात, 3. करों गाँव
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	1. वैद्यनाथ मंदिर, 2. युगल मंदिर, 3. तपोवन मंदिर, 4. लीला मंदिर, 5. कुंडेश्वरी मंदिर, 6. सत्संग नगर
प्रमुख शैक्षणिक संस्थान	हिन्दी विद्यापीठ
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	दूसरा न्यूनतम वन क्षेत्र (203 वर्ग कि.मी.) व वन प्रतिशत (8.22%)
अन्य विवरण	प्राचीन काल में इसे ‘हरितकीवान’ नाम से जाना जाता था। *

त्रिकूट पहाड़ी

यह पहाड़ी देवघर से लगभग 16 किमी दूर दुमका रोड पर है।
इस पहाड़ी पर 840 फीट की ऊँचाई पर रोपवे बना हुआ है।
किंवदंती है कि माता सीता का हरण करके जाते समय रावण इस पर्वत पर रुका था तथा माता सीता ने यहाँ दीप जलाया था। अतः इसे ‘रावण का हेलिपैड’ कहा जाता है।

करों गाँव

करौ ऐतिहासिक गाँव है जो अशोक कालीन है।
इस गाँव को अशोक के पुत्र राजा महेंद्र ने बौद्ध विहार के रूप में बसाया था।
इस गाँव में अशोक के स्तूप तथा गाँव के आसपास भगवान बुद्ध की प्रतिमाएँ भी मिलती हैं।
एक किंवदंती के अनुसार इस गाँव का नामकरण महाभारतकालीन कर्ण के नाम पर किया गया था, बाद में इसका नाम करों हो गया।
यहाँ कर्ण द्वारा स्थापित कर्णेश्वर मंदिर भी है।
इस गाँव के अंतिम राजा काली प्रसाद सिंह थे, जो ईस्ट इंडिया स्टेट के भी राजा थे।

सत्संग नगर

वर्ष 1946 में बांग्लादेश के पवना से आकर श्रीश्री ठाकुर अनुकूलचंद्र जी ने देवघर में सत्संग आश्रम की स्थापना की थी।
बाद में इसका विस्तार हुआ तथा एक बड़े क्षेत्र में यह सत्संग नगर रूप में बस गया।

साहेबगंज जिला

साहेबगंज जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

गठन	17 मई, 1983
मुख्यालय	साहेबगंज
क्षेत्रफल	2,063 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	11,50,567
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	24.01%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	558
लिंगानुपात	952
शिशु लिंगानुपात	960
साक्षरता दर	52.04%
अनुमंडल	02 (साहेबगंज एवं राजमहल)
प्रखण्ड	09 (साहेबगंज, राजमहल, बोरियो, बरहेट, उधवा, तालझारी, बरहरवा, पाथना, मंडरो)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	03 (राजमहल *, बोरियो, बरहेट)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	33, 133A, 133B
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. गंगा, 2. गुमानी, 3. ब्राह्मणी, 4. बांसलोई, 5. पालसी, 6. अजय
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, फायरक्ले, नीलम, गोमेद, क्वार्टजाइट, बेंटोनाइट, पत्थर
प्रमुख उद्योग	मेटल प्रेस वर्क्स, टीनकेन कंपनी
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. तेलियागढ़ किला, 2. राजमहल जीवाश्म अभयारण्य, 3. उधवा पक्षी विहार, 4. दामिन-ए-कोह, 5. मोतीझरा जलप्रपात, 6. राजमहल पहाड़ी, 7. भगवा कुआं (इसका निर्माण 1815 ई. में एडवर्ड VII की स्मृति में कराया गया था)
अन्य विवरण	1. साहेबगंज का शाब्दिक अर्थ मालि. कों का स्थान (साहेव गंज) होता है। इस क्षेत्र में ब्रिटिश काल में यूरोपीय लोगों के इस क्षेत्र में निवास के कारण यह नाम पड़ा है। 2. इस क्षेत्र के इतिहास का प्रमुख स्रोत राजमहल व तेलियागढ़ किला के इतिहास के रूप में मिलता है. जिसका विवरण मेगस्थनीज व हवेन सांग की रचनाओं में उल्लखित है। 3. यह झारखण्ड का सबसे उत्तरी जिला है।

गोड्डा जिला

गोड्डा जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

गठन	25 मई, 1983 *
मुख्यालय	गोड्डा
क्षेत्रफल	2,266 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	13,13,551
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	25.35%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	580
लिंगानुपात	938
शिशु लिंगानुपात	960
साक्षरता दर	56.40%
अनुमंडल	02 (गोड्डा एवं महगामा)
प्रखण्ड	09 (गोड्डा, महगामा, पोड़ैयाहाट, मेहरमा, पथरगामा, सुंदरपहाड़ी, बोआरीजोर, ठाकुरगंगटी, बसंतराय *)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	03 (गोड्डा, महगामा, पोड़ैयाहाट)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	133, 333A
प्रमुख नदियाँ	1. सुंदर नदी, 2. मयूराक्षी, 3. ब्राह्मणी, 4. बांसलोई
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, सीसा, फेल्स्पार
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. बाराकोपा पहाड़ी, 2. सुंदर डैम जलाशय
प्रमुख धार्मिक स्थल	माँ योगिनी मंदिर (बाराकोपा पहाड़ी)

पाकुड़ जिला

पाकुड़ जिला

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

1. न्यूनतम साक्षरता दर (48.82%),

2. न्यूनतम पुरुष साक्षरता दर (57.06%),

3. न्यूनतम महिला साक्षरता दर (40.52%),

4. न्यूनतम अनुसूचित जाति का प्रतिशत (3.16%)

अन्य विवरण

यह झारखण्ड का सबसे पूर्वी जिला है।

महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य

गठन	28 जनवरी, 1994
मुख्यालय	पाकुड़
क्षेत्रफल	1,811 वर्ग कि.मी.
कुल जनसंख्या	9,00,422
दशकीय जनसंख्या वृद्धि दर	28.33%
जनसंख्या घनत्व	497
लिंगानुपात	989
शिशु लिंगानुपात	975
साक्षरता दर	48.82%
अनुमंडल	01 (पाकुड़)
प्रखण्ड	06 (पाकुड़, महेशपुर, लिट्टीपाड़ा, हिरणपुर, पाकुड़िया, अमरापाड़ा)
विधानसभा क्षेत्र	03 (पाकुड़, महेशपुर, लिट्टीपाड़ा)
राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग	133A, 333A
प्रमुख नदियाँ	गंगा, बांसलोई, ब्राह्मणी
प्रमुख खनिज	कोयला, फायरक्ले, गोमेद
प्रमुख पर्यटन स्थल	1. बारामसिया, 2. शिवपुर सोता गर्मकुंड, 3. अलीगंज का छोटा किला, 4. वीरखाता का किला
महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य	5. न्यूनतम साक्षरता दर (48.82%), 6. न्यूनतम पुरुष साक्षरता दर (57.06%), 7. न्यूनतम महिला साक्षरता दर (40.52%), 8. न्यूनतम अनुसूचित जाति का प्रतिशत (3.16%)
अन्य विवरण	यह झारखण्ड का सबसे पूर्वी जिला है।

Chapter 5 : INDIAN UNION AND ITS TERRITORIES

CHAPTER 5

Indian Union and its Territories

INTRODUCTION

Article 1 to 4 under Part I of the Indian constitution deal with Union and its territories.

Table

Articles	Subject-Matter
Article 1	Name and territory of the Union.
Article 2	Admission or establishment of new States.
Article 3	Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
Article 4	Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

Article 1: Name and territory of the Union

Provisions under Article 1 of Indian Constitution

Name of the country	Constituent Assembly adopted both names; India (modern name), that is, Bharat (Traditional name).
India as a ‘Union of States’	Indian has been described as a ‘union of states’ this has 2 implications 1) Indian federation is not the result of an agreement among states 2) Indian states have no right to secede from the federation.
‘Territory of India’ is wider expression than ‘Union of India’	Union of India: All the states in India form the part of Union of India. Territory of India: Territory of India includes states + union territories + territories that may be acquired by the GoI in future

Article 2: Admission or establishment of new states

Provisions under Article 2 of Indian Constitution

Scope	The article talks about admission or establishment of new States.
Power of Parliament	The article provides the Parliament with two powers: a) Power to admit new states (which already exist) b) Power to establish new states (States which are non – existent)
Example	Sikkim was included in India in 1975 under the provisions of this article. It was not part of India before this.

Article 3: Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States

Provisions under Article 3 of Indian Constitution

Scope	Article talks about formation of ‘new states’ and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of ‘existing states’.
Power of Parliament	Parliament can create new states out of existing states by separation of territory or by merging two or more states or part of states or by uniting territory to a part of any state. Parliament can increase or diminish the area of any state. Parliament can alter the boundaries of any state. Parliament can change the name of any state.

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Provisions under Article 3 of Indian Constitution

Special requirements

• Before exercising its power under Article 3 there are 2 special conditions which need to be fulfilled:
• Prior recommendation of the President is needed before introduction of the bill for the purpose in parliament (State legislature view is taken by the President before recommending this bill in parliament (State in which changes are being made).

Limited power of the State Legislature (Unitary feature)

• Non – binding: State’s views are not binding and the President (or the Parliament) can choose to ignore the state’s suggestions.
• No reference for new changes: If new changes are made in the bill, it is not necessary to refer that bill to the concerned state again for its views.
• Provision in case of Union territories: If the bill is related to a Union territory with a state legislature in it (such as Delhi and Pondicherry), no reference is needed to be made to that legislature for its view on the bill.

Article 4: Laws made under articles 2 and 3 provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth schedule

• There are two parts to this article:
• Any law which contains provisions under Article 2 or Article 3 shall contain provisions for the amendment of the First schedule and the Fourth Schedule which may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law.
• Laws made under Art 2 and Art 3 shall not be considered as “constitutional amendment” under Article 368.

EVOLUTION OF STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES

Important Committees

• Dhar commission (1948)
• Recommended re organisation of the states on the basis of administrative convenience instead of linguistic factor.

• JVP committee (1948)
• It formally rejected language as the basis for the reorganisation of states.

• State Reorganization commission (1955)
• Fazl Ali (Chairman)
• K.M. Panikkar
• A.N. Kunzru
• It broadly accepted the language as a basis for the reorganisation of states but rejected the theory of one language- one state. Recommended doing away with the four fold classification (Division of States into Part A, B, C and D).
• Based on Fazl Ali commission, States reorganisation act 1956 and 7th CAA were passed which led to abolition of four fold classification of states and led to formation of 14 states and 6 UTs.
• First linguistic state created in India – ‘Andhra State’ in 1953

STATES FORMED AFTER 1956

• 1960: Maharashtra, Gujarat from Bombay
• 1963: Nagaland
• 1966: Haryana, Chandigarh and HP from Punjab
• 1972: Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya.
• 1975: Sikkim (36 CAA)
• 1987: Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa
• 2000: Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand
• 2014: Telangana

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

• Union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu were merged into a single union territory in 2019.
• Union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh were created. This was the 1st time that a State had been turned into a Union territory.

Chapter 6 : CITIZENSHIP

CHAPTER 6

Citizenship

INTRODUCTION

Citizenship implies full and equal membership of a political community. India has two kinds of people i.e., citizens and aliens. Unlike aliens, citizens are full time members of the Indian state and are provided with certain civil and political rights.
The Indian constitution has not provided any detailed or elaborate provisions related to citizenship and has mainly empowered Parliament to deal with such matters.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO CITIZENS

Provisions Related to Citizenship in India

Part II	Article 5 to Article 11.
Constitutional provision	Not permanent or elaborate. Identify only those who became citizens at the commencement of the constitution.
Parliament	Empowered to deal with matters related to citizenship (Article 11).
Legislation	Citizenship Act, 1955 (amended various times)
List	Union list
Type	Single citizenship
Borrowed	From British Constitution

Constitutional provisions

Articles	Subject-Matter
Article 5	Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.
Article 6	Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
Article 7	Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
Article 8	Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
Article 9	Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
Article 10	Continuance of rights of citizenship.
Article 11	Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Constitutional provision provide for citizenship under 4 categories:

Person who is domiciled in India: the parent is Indian (descent) or resident in India for 5 years.
People who came from Pakistan
People who went to Pakistan and returned back to India before commencement of this constitution.
Persons of Indian origin residing outside India (by registration)

CITIZENSHIP ACT, 1955

The Constitution has empowered Parliament to make provisions related to Citizenship. Parliament enacted Citizenship Act, 1955 which provided certain ways to acquire Citizenship:

By Birth

Date of Birth	Conditions for citizenship
January 26th 1950 – July 1, 1987	Individual shall be a citizen irrespective of the nationality of his parents.
On or after July 1, 1987	Individual shall be a citizen if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his/her birth.
On or after December 3, 2004	Individual shall be a citizen if both of their parents are Indian citizens or if one of their parents is an Indian citizen and the other is not an illegal migrant in the country at the time of his birth.

By Descent

A person born outside India	Citizenship
On or after 26th January 1950 but before December 1992	Considered as a citizen if his Father was a citizen at the time of his birth.
On or after December 10, 1992	Considered as a citizen if either of his Parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.
December 3, 2004	The parents (who are citizens of India) have to declare that their minor child does not hold a passport of any other country. Register within one year of the date of birth at an Indian Consulate in that country. If the said term has expired, registration can be done with the approval of the Central Government.

By Registration

• Central Government can register as a citizen of India any person based on application (not being an illegal migrant)
• Person of Indian origin (ordinarily resident in India for 7 years).
• Spouse of Indian Citizen (ordinarily resident in India for 7 years).
• Minor children of parents who are citizens of India.
• Previous citizen of independent India (ordinarily resident in India for 12 months).
• Overseas citizen of India cardholder for 5 years (ordinarily resident in India for 12 months).

By Naturalisation

Central Government may grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (who is not an illegal migrant) on application based on the following conditions:

• Resided in India or been in the service of a Government of India (12 months preceding the application + should have resided/been in government service for an aggregate not less than 11 years)
• Good character.
• Adequate knowledge of a language specified in the 8th Schedule to the Constitution.

By incorporation of Territory

• If a foreign territory becomes part of India, the Indian Government specifies the persons who shall be the citizens of India (from the notified date).

LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP

The provisions related to loss of citizenship are found in the constitution but are majorly dealt by the Parliament via citizenship act, 1955. The act provides for loss of citizenship by renunciation, termination and deprivation.

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Provisions Related to Loss of Citizenship

Constitutional Provisions

Article 9 of the constitution provides that if an Indian Citizen becomes a citizen of any other country then he/she will automatically lose his/her Indian Citizenship

Citizenship Act 1955

By Renunciation: Declaration renouncing his/her citizenship. Minor child also lose citizenship (can re-apply after age of 18). By Termination: If a person consciously acquires citizenship of another country (does not apply during war). By Deprivation: On grounds of 1) Fraud 2) Disloyalty to constitution 3) Connection with enemy 4) Imprisonment of naturalised citizen 5) Ordinary resident (out of Indian for 7 years)

Indians living abroad can be segmented into Non – resident Indians (NRI) and OCI (Overseas citizen of India). Below is a comparative chart showing difference b/w Indian resident, NRI and OCI.

Table

Category	Indian passport	Resident in India	Expatriate	Tax status	OCI card
Indian (resident)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Non-resident Indian (NRI)	Yes	No	Yes (of India)	No	No
OCI (Overseas citizen of India)	No	Yes (in India)	Yes (in India)	Yes (if resident of India) rest no	Yes

OVERSEAS CITIZEN OF INDIA

• OCI is not a Citizenship. No right to vote or hold public offices.
• Provides similar rights available to residents or citizens of India.
• Provides for permanent residency i.e. allowing them to live and work in India indefinitely.
• Registration of OCI is done by Central Government based on application.
• Renunciation of OCI card can be done by OCI by making a declaration.
• Cancellation of OCI Card: Fraud, Disaffection towards constitution, Conspiring with enemy nation, Imprisonment (two years or more), Decision of Government, Violation of law by OCI, dissolution of marriage.

Rights with Overseas Citizen of India Cardholder

Rights available to OCI Cardholder

Rights not available to OCI Cardholder

• Multiple entries, multi-purpose lifelong visa to visit India; • Exemption from reporting to Police authorities for any length of stay in India; • Parity with NRIs in financial, economic and educational fields except in the acquisition of agricultural or plantation properties; • Treated at par with Non-Resident Indian in the matter of inter-country adoption of Indian children; • Treated at par with resident Indian nationals in the matter of tariffs in air fares in domestic sectors in India; • Charged the same entry fee as domestic Indian visitors to visit national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in India; • Parity with Non-Resident Indian in respect of entry fees to be charged for visiting the national monuments, historical sites and museums in India; • Parity with Non-Resident Indians to appear for the All India Pre-Medical Test etc; • OCI Registration booklet is treated as OCI’s identification for any service rendered to him/her; • In case proof of residence is required, OCI may give an affidavit attested by a notary stating that a particular/specific address may be treated as their place of residence in India and may also give their overseas residential address as well as email address if any

• Not entitled to the right to equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. • Ineligible for election as President. • Ineligible for election as Vice-President. • Ineligible for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court. • Ineligible for appointment as a Judge of the High Court. • Cannot register as a voter. • Ineligible for being a member of the House of the People or of the Council of States. • Ineligible for being a member of the State Legislative Assembly or the State Legislative Council. • Ineligible for appointment to public services and posts in connection with affairs of the Union or of any State except for appointment in such services and posts as the Central Government may specify.

Citizenship

The citizenship act, 1955 has been amended various times. The most recent amendment took place in 2019 and brought changes mainly to provide citizenship to certain category of illegal migrants.

CITIZENSHIP (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019

Background:

• Regulation of Citizenship in India: Citizenship Act, 1955. Provides 5 methods to acquire citizenship – Birth, descent, registration, naturalisation (extended residence in India), and by incorporation of territory into India.
• Illegal migrant: Foreigner who enters India illegally, i.e., without valid travel documents, like a visa and passport. Those who enter India legally, but stay beyond the time period permitted in their travel documents.
• Provision for illegal migrants: Regulation by Foreigners Act, 1946 + the Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920. Central government can regulate the entry, exit and residence of foreigners within India.

Provisions under Citizenship amendment Act, 2019

The 2019 amendment made some significant changes to the Citizenship Act of 1955. Below are its major features:

• Specified class of illegal migrants from the 3 countries will not be treated as illegal migrants.
• Should belong to any of the six communities i.e. Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian + 3 countries i.e. Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Entered India before or on the cut off date of 31st December 2014.
• Citizenship through naturalisation. Requirement of residency has been decreased from 11 years to 5 years.
• Does not apply to two categories i.e. 6th schedule states + States under Inner line permit for example Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Manipur.
• Central Government can cancel OCI membership if provisions of the Citizenship amendment act are violated or any other law so notified by the Central Government. Opportunity to be heard should be provided.

Due to the recent agitations in Assam (against violation of Assam accord) and various other parts of the country (due to provisions of citizenship amendment act, 2019) both NRC and NPR have been in news.

NATIONAL REGISTER OF CITIZENS (NRC)

Parameters	Details
Definition	It is an official, verified and valid record of all Indian citizens, containing details of individuals which are essential to establish their claim to citizenship. Creation was mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955
Objective	To document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal immigrants can be identified and deported
Components	It includes demographic information about all those individuals who qualify as citizens of India as per the Citizenship Act, 1955. It will contain details of only Indian Citizens.
History	It was first prepared after the 1951 Census of India. NRC has not been updated till today (except in Assam in 2013 -14) but only after the Supreme Court order).

NATIONAL POPULATION REGISTER (NPR)

Parameters	Details
Usual residents	The NPR or National Population Register is a list of “usual residents” of the country.
Compulsory registration	It is compulsory for every usual resident of India to register in the NPR.
Inclusion	Includes both Indian citizens and foreign citizens. Objective is to create a database of every “usual resident” in the country.
Preparation of NPR	It is supposed to be prepared at the local (village/sub-town), sub-district, district, state and national levels under provisions of the Citizenship Act 1955 and the Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.

Parameters	Details
Data collection	The data for the National Population Register was first collected in 2010 by the Government of India. It was expected to be repeated every 10 years.
Requirements	No documents are required for NPR. Self-declaration will be treated as enough for data entry in the population registrar.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NPR, NRC AND CENSUS

NRC, Census and NPR are fundamentally different from each other. NPR will include all the usual residents of the country whereas NRC is intended to list only the citizens of India. Below we will look in detail the difference between National population register, National register of citizens and Census.

Table

Parameters	NRC	NPR	Census
Definition	It is a registry of citizens	It is a registry of usual resident of an area	It is an exercise for calculating the total population of the country.
History	First prepared in 1951 during the census and has not been updated since.	First time prepared in 2011 during census and has not been updated since.	First census was conducted in 1872.
Coverage	Only citizens are included where documents and information proving citizenship are sought.	Usual residents including citizens and non-citizens are included in the list. Its purpose is to count the number of people irrespective of their citizenship.	It includes the whole population of the country where information on demography, economics activity, literacy and education, etc. are collected.
Objective	To identify Indian citizens and identify illegal migrants living in the country.	To calculate all the residents of a local area and data collected here is also to be used for creation of NRC as per Citizenship Rule 2003.	Its purpose is for population assessment, policy formulation and planning.
Regulation	Regulated under Citizenship Act 1955.	It is regulated by Citizenship Rule 2003	It is regulated by Census Act 1948

Chapter 7 : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

CHAPTER 7 Fundamental Rights

INTRODUCTION

Rights are essentially an entitlement or a justified claim. They denote what we are entitled to as citizens, as individuals and as human beings. Various types of rights exist which differ in origin, scope enforcement etc., we will look at some important ones below.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF RIGHTS

Table

Types	Meaning
Natural rights	• Rights given to us by nature or God instead of ruler or society. • Inalienable rights • Other rights are derived from these basic rights. • Example: Right to preserve life was considered a natural right.
Human rights	• Rights available to us simply because we are humans. • Every human has an intrinsic value. Should be given equal opportunity to realise their full potential.
Constitutional rights	• These rights are provided by the constitution to the people. • Not applicable to all citizens unlike Fundamental rights. • Example: Right to vote under Article 326 is available only after achieving maturity i.e. 18 years.
Statutory rights	• Provided to people by various laws passed by the Legislature example MNREGA (Provides Right to work), National food security act (Provides Right to food) etc.
Fundamental rights	• Fundamental as they are essential for all round development of the Individual • Enforceable and Justiciable in the Supreme court (under Article 32) and High court (under Article 226). • Rights are enforced by using writs.

Difference Between Fundamental Rights and Legal Rights

Table

Parameters	Fundamental rights	Legal rights
Protection	Protected and guaranteed by the constitution of India	Protected and guaranteed by the ordinary law of India
Amendment	It can be changed by amending the constitution itself.	It may be changed by the legislature by ordinary law making process.
Basic structure	Part of the basic structure of the constitution.	Not part of the basic structure doctrine.
Justiciability	If these are violated one can move to the Supreme court or High court. Can directly approach the Supreme court	In case, legal rights are violated an individual has to move to the ordinary court first. The Judicial hierarchical process has to be followed.
Safeguards	Most of the Fundamental rights provide protection against the state action and not against private individual. Exception: Rights pertaining to abolition of untouchability + rights against exploitation.	These rights impose obligation on the individual (and in some cases against the state too).

ABOUT FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Fundamental rights are considered ‘fundamental’ because first, they are mentioned in the constitution and second they are justiciable in nature i.e. one can approach the court in case they are violated. Only the most important rights are recognised by the state as fundamental and enshrined in the constitution.

Details Related to Fundamental Rights

About

• Part III of the constitution from Article 12 to Article 35.
• Described as the ‘Magna Carta of India’.
• Inspired from US – Bill of Rights
• Promote Political democracy
• Original constitution – 7 Fundamental rights. Presently 6 Fundamental rights (Right to property was deleted (Article 31) was deleted.

Features

• Not absolute rights but qualified. Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on them.
• Mostly available against arbitrary actions of the state. Some of them are available against actions of Private Individual as well.
• Defended and guaranteed by both the Supreme court (under Article 32) and High court (under Article 226).
• Most have negative nature i.e. place limitations on the authority of the State. Some are positive as well i.e. conferring certain privileges on the persons.
• Can be amended i.e. Not sacrosanct or permanent. Amendment can be done without affecting the ‘basic structure’ of the constitution.
• With the exception of Article 20 and Article 21 they can be suspended during ‘National emergency’.
• Scope is limited because of Article 31 A, Article 31 B and Article 31 C. Can also be limited when martial law has been imposed in the area.
• Most of the FR are directly enforceable. Other require enabling law to be made ‘only’ by the Parliament (Article 35). Example Article 21 A etc.

The Fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution can be divided into the following:

Table

Fundamental Rights	Articles
Right to equality	Articles 14–18
Right to freedom	Articles 19–22
Right against exploitation	Articles 23–24
Right to freedom of religion	Articles 25–28
Cultural and educational rights	Articles 29–30
Right to constitutional remedies	Article 32

APPLICABILITY OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Table

Applicability	Articles and Availability
Few are available ‘Only to Citizens’	Article 15,16,19,29 and 30 are available with citizens only and not to foreigners.
Available to Citizens and foreigners. Not for enemies	Article 14,20,21,21A,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 are available with both citizens and foreigners (not enemy aliens).
Against Citizens	Article 15,17,23,24,32(Only Habeas Corpus) are available against State + Private Citizen.

ARTICLE 12: DEFINITION OF STATE

The fundamental rights basically impose obligation on the state therefore it becomes important to define the state and to understand which institutions come under it.

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Fundamental Rights

Scope of State under Article 12

Definition of the state

Community of Persons permanently occupying a definite territory independent of external control and possessing an organised Government.

Following come under the definition of the State
• Government and Parliament of India i.e. the Executive and Legislature of the Union.
• Government and Legislature of each State i.e. the Executive and Legislature of the various States of India.
• All the local authorities such as municipalities, panchayats, district boards, port and improvement trusts, etc.
• All other authorities that are present in Indian territory or are operating under the supervision of the Government of India i.e. statutory or non-statutory authorities like LIC, ONGC, SAIL, etc.

Position of Judiciary

Judiciary has not been defined under Article 12. Through various Judgments it has been held that ‘only’ when the Judiciary performs ‘non – Judicial functions’ they come under the definition of the State.

Important Judgment

• Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib, 1981: 6 factor test laid down to determine what would be considered state under Article 12.
• Zee Telefilms v. The Union of India 2005: 6 factor test laid down was implemented in this case to determine that BCCI cannot be called ‘state’ under Article 12.

ARTICLE 13: LAWS INCONSISTENT WITH FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

This article aids the courts to keep the legislature under check. The article gives duty to the state to implement the fundamental rights and provides the court power to declare laws or act void in case it violates fundamental rights.

Scope of Laws under Article 13

About

• Addresses all those laws which are inconsistent with or in derogation of fundamental rights.
• Laws which are inconsistent with the provisions of Part-III of the Indian Constitution, shall be void.
• Forms the basis of the doctrine of judicial review

Scope

Law under Article 13 include:

• Permanent laws enacted by Parliament or state legislatures.
• Temporary laws like ordinances issued by the president or the state governors.
• Statutory instruments like order, bye-law, rule, regulation or notification.
• Non-legislative sources of law i.e. custom or usage having the force of law.

RIGHT TO EQUALITY (ARTICLE 14–18)

Article 14: Equality Before Law

• Article 14 deals with two concepts: Equality before the law + Equal Protection of Laws
• Rights available to all persons whether citizens + foreigners.
• Below the difference between equality before law and equal protection of law has been mentioned.

Table

Parameters	Equality Before Law	Equal Protection of Laws
Definition	Law must be enforced and administered equally among all.	All persons in similar circumstances shall be given the same rights and liabilities.
Implications	No special privileges in favour of any person, Equal subjection of all persons to the ordinary law of the land administered by ordinary law courts. No person (whether rich or poor, high or low, official or non-official) is above the law.	Equal treatment in similar circumstances, both in the privileges and liabilities imposed by the law. Similar application of the same laws to all persons who are similarly situated. Like should be treated alike without any discrimination.
Origin	British origin	US Constitution
Nature	Negative concept as it implies the absence of any special privilege in favour of individuals.	Positive obligation as state ensures every person enjoys equal protection. Provides ‘similar treatment instead of identical one i.e. equality is advocated for only those who are equal. No discrimination amongst equal. However, the equals and unequals cannot be put in the same footing and be treated without discrimination.

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Article 15: Prohibition of Discrimination on Certain Grounds

Provisions Related to Article 15 of Indian Constitution

Article 15(1)
State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, or any combination thereof. Applicable against ‘state action’ only and available to citizens. (Discrimination on other grounds is allowed For example: Qualifications of weight, height, etc. in case of police services.)

Article 15 (2)
No discrimination with regards to giving

Access to shops, Public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment (applicable to state).
No discrimination in Use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats maintained by state funds for general public (Applies to both citizens and state).

Article 15 (3)
State can make special provisions for Women and Children

Article 15 (4)
State is permitted to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the SC/ST’s. This clause was added by the 1st constitutional amendment act. Added after the Judgment in Champakam Dorairajan case.

Article 15 (5)
Reservations in Private educational institutions whether aided or unaided for OBCs + SC’s/ST’s other than Minority educational Institutions. Added by the 93rd constitutional amendment act.

Article 15 (6)
State is empowered to provide reservations to Economically weaker sections for admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions. Added by the 103rd CAA, 2019.

Table

Criteria applicable to OBC: Creamy layer criteria

Eligibility criteria for EWSs in Educational Institutions

• Constitutional posts: President, Vice President, Judges of SC and HCs etc. • Officers: Top ranked officials (Group A/Group B) • Top ranked army officers: Rank of colonel and above in the Army and equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force and the Paramilitary Forces. • Other professions: Doctor, lawyer etc. • Agricultural land: Above certain limit • Annual Income: Gross annual income of more than Rs.8 lakh or wealth above the exemption limit.

• Annual income: Gross annual income (aggregate) below Rs.8 lakh. • Possession of asset: Following asset should be under their possession ♦ 5 acres of Agricultural land and above. ♦ Residential flat of 1000 sq. ft. and above. ♦ Residential plots of 100 sq. yards and above in notified municipalities. (d) Residential plots of 200 sq. yards and above in areas other than the notified municipalities. • Determination of property: Cumulative asset to determine EWS status. • Definition of family: Person who seeks the benefit of reservation + parents + siblings (below 18 years).

Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment

• This Right is available only with Citizens and is applicable ‘only’ to public Institutions and not the private Institutions.

Provisions Related to Article 16 of Indian Constitution

Article 16 (1)
Equality of opportunity in Public employment.

Article 16 (2)
No citizen can be discriminated or made ineligible for employment of any office under the state and on the grounds of only religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth or residence or any combination thereof. (Descent and place of residence are not present in Article 15)

Article 16 (3)
Residence can be prescribed for certain types of Employment or appointment in the state by the Parliament.

Article 16 (4)
State can provide for reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class that is not adequately represented in the state services.

Article 16 (4A)
Provides reservation of seats in matter of ‘promotion’ with consequential seniority (85th amendment) for SC/ST’s.

Article 16 (4B)
Provides for carrying over of unfilled vacancies reserved for SC/ST to subsequent years. This is commonly referred to as ‘carry forward rule’.

Article 16 (5)
Law can be made to provide that incumbent of an office related to Religious or denominational institutions belonging to particular religion.

Article 16 (6)
State is permitted to make a provision for the reservation of up to 10% of appointments or posts in favour of any economically weaker sections of citizens. Added by the 103rd CAA 2019.

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Fundamental Rights

Important Judgments and Commissions

Related Judgements and Commissions

Mandal commission
Appointed under Article 340. Identified 52% of the population as OBCs and recommended 27% Reservations.

Indra Sawhney case, 1992
• Total reservations shall not exceed 50%
• Carry forward rule is valid – Should not violate the 50% rule
• Merit shall not be compromised.
• No reservation in promotions.
• Creamy layer to exclude advanced sections among OBCs.
• Set up a permanent statutory body to examine over – inclusion and under – inclusion in the list of OBCs.

Important amendments

77th amendment
Provided for reservation in promotions in favour of SCs and STs

81st amendment
Empowered the state to fill backlog vacancies even if there cross 50% ceiling.

82nd amendment
It added a provision to Article 335. According to article 335, all reservations which are made for SC/ST’s have to be in accordance with efficiency in administration.

85th amendment
Consequential seniority to SC/ST’s

M Nagaraj case vs Union of India
Upheld reservation in promotions
Laid a criteria to be fulfilled before providing ‘reservation in Promotion’. State is obliged to demonstrate.

• Current backwardness of SC/ST’s.
• Inadequate representation of the community in the relevant sector.
• The reservation will maintain ‘administrative efficiency’.

Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018)

• Supreme court laid down that the Nagaraj judgment does not need reconsideration by the seven Judge bench. Besides this the court ruled;

♦ Struck down backwardness criteria: No need for state to collect ‘quantifiable data’ on the backwardness of the SC’s and the ST’s.

♦ Need to prove Inadequate representation: States have to prove inadequacy of representation in relation to specific cadre and not in proportion to SC/ST population in the State.

♦ Extended creamy layer exclusion to SC/ST: It was held that in case of promotions creamy layer exclusion applies to SC/ST’s. Hence, the State cannot grant reservations in promotion to SC/ST individuals who belong to the creamy layer of their community.

Justice Rohini commission
• It was appointed in 2017 with the purpose of sub-categorization of Other Backward Castes.

Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability

The article abolished ‘untouchability’. Applicable to both State and Private citizens.
Term ‘untouchability’ is not defined in the constitution.
It is an absolute right as no reasonable restrictions are applied on this article
Parliament has been empowered to make law for prescribing punishment for untouchability. Protection of Civil rights act was passed by the Parliament.

Article 18: Abolition of Titles

This article abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard:

State cannot confer any title on a citizen or a foreigner.
Citizens of India cannot accept any title from any foreign state.
A foreigner working for Indian Government, holding any office of profit or trust under the state cannot accept title, present emolument from foreign state without taking prior consent of the president.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ARTICLE 19–22)

Article 19: Protection of Certain Rights Regarding Freedom of Speech, etc.

Under this article six fundamental rights related to freedom are guaranteed to all the citizens of India. These are:

Table

Article	Freedom	Reasonable restriction
Article 19 1(a)	Freedom of speech and expression. (Every citizen has right to express his beliefs and convictions. It is an elaborate right and includes freedom of press, freedom of silence, Right to telecast etc.	• Sovereignty and Integrity of India • Security of State • Friendly relation with foreign states. • Public Order • Decency or Morality, • Contempt of court, • Defamation, • Incitement to an offense.
Article 19 1 (b)	Every citizens has the right to assemble peacefully and without arms. Citizens can conduct meetings, demonstrations and take out processions.	• Sovereignty and Integrity of India, • Public order, • Other restrictions: • Section 144 of CRPC allows magistrate to restrain an assembly or meeting or procession. • Section 141 IPC assembly 5 or more persons can be made unlawful.
Article 19 1 (c)	Right to form associations or unions or co-operative societies: Includes right to continue an association or union, Includes the right to not join or form an association, Does not include the right to strike.	• Sovereignty and Integrity of India, • Public Order • Morality
Article 19 1 (d)	Citizen can move freely throughout the territory of the country.	• Interest of general public • Protection of interest of tribals.
Article 19 1 (e)	Every citizen has the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of the country	• General public interest, • Protection of interest of scheduled tribes
Article 19 1 (f)	All citizens are given the right to practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.	• General Public Interest • Professional and technical qualifications • The business can be monopolised by the state. State is not required to justify its monopoly.

• These six rights are protected against only state action and not private individuals.
• Article 19 covers only the right to move within the country. Right to move in and out of the country is dealt by Article 21.
• The right under Article 19 is suspended automatically if National emergency is imposed on the ground of external aggression however, it cannot be suspended when the emergency is imposed on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’.

Article 20: Protection in respect of Conviction for Offences

• Protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person.
• Cannot be suspended during an emergency.
• Available to both Citizens + Foreigners

Table

Article 20	Explanation	Related facts
Article 20 (1): No ex-post facto law	No person shall be convicted of an offense by applying retrospective laws (i.e. by applying law backwards).	Applies only to criminal laws not to civil and tax laws. In criminal case it This immunity is not available in case of Preventive detention.
Article 20(2): No double Jeopardy	No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once. Conditions: Must have tried before court/Court must be competent/ Conclusion of proceeding (acquittal or conviction)/ Should be in force/Should be tried for the same offense.	Applies only for proceedings before court of law or judicial tribunals (not applicable before administrative or departmental authorities).

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Fundamental Rights

Table

Article 20	Explanation	Related facts
Article 20(3): No self-Incrimination	No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.	Does not cover the following: Blood Samples, Signatures, Thumb impressions, Exhibition of body, Production of material.

Article 21: Protection of Life and Personal Liberty

• No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
• It is available to both citizens and non – citizens.
• Wide scope of this article: Right to livelihood, Right of Prisoners for dignified life, Right to die with dignity, Right to Privacy etc. all form part of Article 21 of the constitution.

Table

Parameters	Procedure Established By Law	Due Process of Law
Origin	British constitution.	Constitution of United States.
Scope	Does not assess whether the laws made by the legislature or by the concerned authority are fair, just and not arbitrary.	Determines whether a law is valid by examining both its procedural and substantive characteristics.
Role of Judiciary	Judiciary’s role is limited to evaluating the procedure used by the legislature to enact the law in question.	Judiciary has the power to determine the laws’ procedural adequacy as well as its intention.
Protection	Safeguards a citizen’s rights from the executive’s arbitrary actions.	It safeguards citizens’ rights from executive + legislative actions.
Constitutional provision	Provided in Article 21	Not explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution

Related Judgment

Table

Judgments	Arbitrary executive action	Arbitrary legislative action	Due process of law	Meaning of liberty
A.K. Gopalan case	Protection under Art. 21 is available	Protection under Art 21 is not available	Not Available	Narrow: liberty relating to person, body of the individual
Menaka Gandhi case	Protection under Art. 21 is available	Protection under Art 21 is available	Available	Broad view: Includes opportunity to live with dignity and to develop ones capacity etc.

Article 21 A: Right to Education

Article 21 A of Indian Constitution

Provision
• State shall provide for free and compulsory education to children in the age of 6 to 14 years in such a manner as a state may determine

86th CAA, 2002
• Inserted Article 21 A
• Amended Article 45 says ‘The state shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years’.
• Added a new Fundamental duty: Every citizen of India to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of 6 and 14 years

Enforcement
• Right to Education 2009 was enacted to enforce this

Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention

• Protection to those arrested and detained.
• Punitive detention refers to punishment for an offense committed after trial + conviction in court.
• Preventive detention refers to detention without trial + conviction in court.

Fundamental Rights

Detailed Provisions under Article 25 of Indian Constitution

Rights of State

• State can also regulate secular activities associated with religion.
• Provide for religious reform of Hindu religious institutions.

Explanations

• Two explanations are mentioned in the article i.e., Wearing and carrying of Kirpans is to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion;
• Hindus, include Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists.

Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs

Detailed Provisions under Article 26 of Indian Constitution

Provision (Protects ‘collective freedom’ of religion)
Religious denomination have been given the following rights:
• Establish and maintain institutions for religious/charitable purpose.
• Manage its own affairs in religious matters.
• Own and acquire movable/immovable property.
• Administer the property in accordance with law.

Reasonable Restrictions
Public Order, Morality, Health

Definition of ‘Religious denomination’
Not provided in the constitution. SC in its Judgment has held that ‘religious denomination’ must satisfy 3 conditions

System of belief
Common organisation
Distinctive name.

Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion

• Provision Freedom from taxation for religious institutions
• Tax cannot be levied for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion/religious denomination.
• This article prohibits only levy of a tax and not a fee.
• Fee controls secular administration of religious institutions and does not promote or maintain religion.

Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institution

• Freedom from attending ‘religious instructions’ in educational institutions.

Table

Type of Institute	Status of religious instruction
Institutions wholly maintained by the State	Completely prohibited
Institutions administered by the State but established under any endowment or trust	Permitted
Institutions recognised by the State	Permitted on a voluntary basis. May or may not attend
Institutions receiving aid from the State	Permitted on a voluntary basis. May or may not attend.

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (ARTICLE 29–30)

Article 29: Protection of interests of minorities

Detailed Provisions under Article 29 of Indian Constitution

Article 29 (1)
• Any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having distinct Script, language and culture shall have right to protect the same.
• Group right, as it is available for both ‘religious’ and ‘linguistic’ minorities
• SC held that the term ‘Section of the citizens’ includes both, majority as well as minority.
• Absolute right for the minorities and is not subjected to any reasonable restriction.

Article 29 (2)
• No citizen can denied admission into any educational institutions maintained by the state or receiving aid from the state only on grounds of religion race, caste or language.

Article 30: Right to monitor and establish and administer educational institutions

Detailed Provisions under Article 30 of Indian Constitution

Provision
• Rights of minorities (both religious and linguistic) to establish and administer educational institutions.

Scope
• Confined to minorities (unlike article 29 which is applicable to ‘any section of citizens’).

Minorities
• Not defined by the constitution. Minority Status may vary from state to state (both ‘religious’ + ‘Linguistic’ minority).

Type of Minority institutions.
• Institutions that seek recognition as well as aid from the State; (under regulatory power of the state).
• Institutions that seek only recognition from the State and not aid; (under regulatory power of the state) and
• Institutions that neither seek recognition nor aid from the State (free to conduct its own affairs).

Other Facts
• Compensation amount fixed for acquisition of any property of minority institutions shall not restrict the right guaranteed to minorities. (44th constitutional amendment act).
• State cannot discriminate while providing aid to minority institutions.
• No ‘reverse discrimination’ in favour of minorities. Objective of the article is ‘only’ to ensure equality with majority.
• Not an absolute right. Institution cannot mal – administer. Regulatory measures can be put by the state to ensure academic excellence, welfare of teachers and students, conditions of service, state can put conditions to ensure proper utilisation of aid by the state etc.

ARTICLE 32: RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES

• Described as the very soul of the constitution and the very heart of it.
• Basic feature. Cannot be taken away by a constitutional amendment.
• Supreme court has the power to issue directions/orders/writs for the enforcement of Fundamental right.
• Parliament can empower any subordinate court to issue writs of all kinds (not done till now).
• President can suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement of the fundamental rights during a national emergency (Article 359).
• Borrowed from English law where they were known as ‘prerogative writs’.

Comparing writ power of Supreme Court and High Court

Table

Parameters	Supreme Court	High Court
Enforcement	Narrow writ jurisdiction: Can issue writs only for the enforcement of fundamental rights.	Wide writ Jurisdiction: Can issue writs for Fundamental Rights + any other purpose (ordinary legal right).
Territorial Jurisdiction	Wide territorial jurisdiction. It can issue writs against a person or government throughout the territory of India.	Narrow territorial jurisdiction and it can issue writs within its territorial jurisdiction (state) only or outside its territorial jurisdiction only if the cause of action arises within its territorial jurisdiction
Obligation	A remedy under Article 32 is in itself a Fundamental Right and hence, the Supreme Court may not refuse to exercise its writ jurisdiction.	A remedy under Article 226 is discretionary and hence, a high court may refuse (in so far as it relates to FRs) to exercise its writ jurisdiction.

Table

Writs	Meaning	Purpose	Locus standi	Against whom
Habeas corpus	To have the body of	To release a person who has been detained illegally in prison or private custody	Does not apply	Private citizen or public authority
Mandamus	We command	To secure performance of public duties by lower court, Tribunal or public authority.	Applies	Against Public official, Judicial and Quasi-Judicial bodies
Certiorari	To be certified	To quash an order already passed by an inferior court, tribunal or quasi – judicial authority	Applies	Judicial and Quasi – Judicial bodies

Fundamental Rights

Table

Writs	Meaning	Purpose	Locus standi	Against whom
Prohibition	To prohibit/stop	To prohibit an inferior court to continue proceedings in a case in which it holds no jurisdiction.	Applies	Judicial and Quasi – Judicial bodies
Quo warranto	By what authority	To restrain a person from holding public office to which he is not entitled/or qualified	Does not apply	Any public authority unqualified for the position.

ARMED FORCES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Article 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this part in their application to forces

• Parliament (not state legislature) can restrict, abrogate fundamental rights of armed forces, para military force, police forces, intelligence agencies.
• Members of armed forces also include other service providers to the armed forces. Example: Cooks and Carpenters.

MARTIAL LAW AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Article 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this part while martial law is in force

• It provides for the restrictions on Fundamental rights while ‘martial law’ in force.
• Martial law has not been defined in the constitution. It refers to situation where civilian administration is run by military authorities.
• Empowers Parliament to indemnify any government servant or any other person when martial law is in force.
• Concept has been derived from Britain.

Table

Parameters	Martial Law	National Emergency
Impact	Affects only Fundamental Rights.	Affects Fundamental Rights + Centre-state relations + distribution of revenues and legislative powers between centre and states + Parliament tenure (may).
Government and law courts	Suspends government and ordinary law courts.	Government and ordinary law courts continue.
Grounds for imposition	Breakdown of law and order due to any reason.	It can be imposed only on three grounds—war, external aggression or armed rebellion.
Region where it is imposed	It is imposed in some specific area of the country.	It is imposed either in the whole country or in any part of it.
Provision in constitution	It has no specific provision in the Constitution.	It has specific and detailed provision in the Constitution.

EFFECTING CERTAIN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Article 35: Legislations to give effect to provisions of Part III of the constitution

• Only Parliament has power to make laws to give effect to certain FRs (ensures uniformity)
• Article 16: Residence as criteria for public employment.
• Article 32: To empower courts other than Supreme Court and high courts to issue writ orders, directions for enforcement of fundamental rights.
• Article 33: To make laws to take away fundamental rights for armed forces – para-military and police.
• Article 34: To indemnify the acts of government servant during martial law.
• Parliament can also make laws for punishment of offenses declared under FRs. Example: untouchability, trafficking etc.
• This Article extends the competence of Parliament to make laws on few matters specified in state list

EXCEPTIONS TO FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

• Right to Property was repealed by 44th amendment act, now it is a legal right under article 300A.
• Exceptions to Article 31 are exceptions to Fundamental rights.

Exception to Fundamental Rights

Provided for “Right to Property”
Article 31 of the constitution
Done away by 44th amendment act

Exceptions

Added by the 1st constitutional amendment
• to protect Government legislations which aimed to abolish the Zamindari System

ARTICLE 31A

• Protected 5 categories of laws from being invalidated on grounds of contravention of Article 14, 19 and 31

ARTICLE 31B

• Gave ‘blanket protection’ to all laws placed in the 9th schedule from being declared invalid if they are ultra-vires the provision of constitution

Added by the 25st constitutional amendment
• To implement the provision of Part 4 i.e. Directive Principles of State Policy

ARTICLE 31C

• No law that seeks to implement DPSP Articles 39 (b) and (c), shall be declared void on the grounds of contravention of the FR’s conferred by Article 14 or Article 19

Chapter 8 : DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

CHAPTER 8

Directive Principles of State Policy

INTRODUCTION

DPSP can be defined as ideals to keep in mind while making policies and enacting laws. They are constitutional instructions to state in legislative, executive and administrative matters.

• Provision found in Part IV (Article 36 – 51)
• Resemble Instrument of Instructions of GOI act 1935 to the Viceroy
• Inspired by the Irish Constitution
• Dr B R Ambedkar described them as “novel features of the Indian constitution”.
• DPSP + Fundamental rights are described as “philosophy, soul and conscience of the constitution”.
• Non Justiciable in nature.
• Used by court to determine constitutionality of law. SC held that DPSP can be considered as reasonable restriction in relation to Article 14 and 19.

CLASSIFICATION OF DPSP: NOT MENTIONED IN CONSTITUTION

Principles	Articles
Socialistic principles	Article 38, 39, 39A, 39B, 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47
Gandhian principles	Article 40, 43, 43B, 46, 47, 48
Liberal intellectual Principle	Article 44, 45, 48, 48A, 49, 50, 51.

ADDITION TO DPSP

Amendment	Additions
42nd amendment	• Article-39: To secure opportunities for healthy development of children. • Article-39A: To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to poor. • Article 43A: Participation of workers in the management of industry. • Article 48A: Safeguarding forests and wildlife.
44th amendment	Article 38 (state to secure social order for the promotion of welfare of the people)
86th amendment	Changed content of Article 45, i.e. provision for early childhood care and education of children below 6 years.
97th amendment	Introduced Article 43B: Cooperative societies.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Articles	Provisions
Article 36	Definition of State
Article 37	Application of the directive principles
Article 38	State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people

Articles | Provisions

Articles	Provisions
Article 39	Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. To secure : a. Rights to adequate means of livelihood b. Equal distribution of material resources of the community for the common good c. Prevention and concentration on health d. Equal pay for equal work e. Preservation of health and strength of workers. f. opportunities for healthy development of children
Article 39 A	Equal justice a free legal aid.
Article 40	Organization of village panchayats
Article 41	Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases.
Article 42	Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
Article 43	Living wage, etc. for workers
Article 43A	Participation of workers in management of industries.
Article 43B	Promotion of co-operative societies
Article 44	Uniform Civil code for the citizens
Article 45	Provisions for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years.
Article 46	Promotion of educational and economic interests of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections.
Article 47	Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. Prohibit the consumption of intoxicants.
Article 48	Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandary
Article 48 A	Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
Article 49	Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
Article 50	Separation of judiciary from executive
Article 51	Promotion of international peace and security.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPSP AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT

Parameters	Fundamental right	Directive Principle of State Policy
Justiciability	Justiciable.	Non-justiciable
Objective	Political democracy	Economic + Social democracy.
Nature	Negative: Prohibit state from doing something	Positive: Require state to do certain things
Sanction	Legal sanction	Moral + Political sanction
Scope	Welfare of the Individual (Individualistic)	Welfare of the Community (Socialistic)
Enforcement	Automatically enforced (No legislation needed, some exception like Article 17, 23 and 24)	Not automatically enforced (Require legislation)

Directive Principles of State Policy 35

CONFLICT BETWEEN DPSP AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Judgements/Amendments	Verdict/Changes made
Champakam Dorairajan case (1951)	• Fundamental rights were held superior to the DPSP. • It was held the Fundamental rights can be amended by the Parliament.
Golaknath case (1967)	• Fundamental rights were held sacrosanct in nature. • It was held that FR cannot be amended by the Parliament. • Article 368: Gives only Procedure to amend but not the power to amend.
24th and 25th amendment	• Parliament can take away FR • Article 31 C added which made Article 39 (b) and 39 (c) > Article 14, 19, 31. • Thus, it was held that law so made to implement Article 39 (b) and (c) to the extent that they violate article 14, 19 and 31 will not be subject to Judicial review
Kesavananda Bharti case (1973)	• Upheld provision which made Article 39 (b), 39 (c) > Article 14, 19 and 31. • Judicial review was held part of basic structure of the constitution.
42nd amendment	• Made all DPSP > Article 14, 19 and 31 • No law to implement Directive principles will be held void on the ground that it violates Article 14, 19 and 31 of the Indian constitution
Minerva Mills case (1980)	• All DPSP > Article 14, 19 and 31 held unconstitutional • Balance between FR and DPSP (Basic structure of the constitution) • Article 39 (b) and (c) > Article 14 and 19 (present status)

Chapter 9 : FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

CHAPTER 9

Fundamental Duties

INTRODUCTION

Duty conveys a sense of moral obligation and commitment to someone or something. Initially the Indian constitution did not contain provisions related to Fundamental duties; they were added later to the constitution. This addition was done to convey that rights and duties are inter – related i.e. if someone performs his or her duties properly it automatically safeguards the basic rights of others.

Parameters	Related Facts
Origin	Not mentioned in the original constitution. Included by the 42nd amendment, 1976.
42nd CAA, 1976	Added New Part IV-A + Article 51 A (10 Fundamental duties).
86th CAA, 2002	Added 1 New FD: To provide opportunity for education to his child between the age 6 and 14 years. At present total FD are 11.
Inspired from	USSR constitution
Recommendation	Swaran Singh Committee
Legal status	Non – Justiciable
Applicability	Citizens only
Nature	Moral + Civic duties are mentioned

List of Fundamental duties

• To abide by the Constitution and respect National Flag and National Anthem (Not national song)
• To follow the noble ideals that inspired the struggle for freedom.
• To protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
• To render national service when called upon to do so.
• To promote the common spirit of brotherhood amongst all Indians + to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
• To preserve the rich heritage of country’s culture.
• To protect national environment including forests, lakes, wildlife, etc.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of reform and inquiry.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
• To strive towards excellence in all sphere of individuals.
• Duty of the parent/guardian to provide opportunity for education to his child between the age 6 and 14 years.

Chapter 10 : AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

CHAPTER 10

Amendment of the Constitution

INTRODUCTION

• Constitutional provision: Part XX (Article 368)
• Power to amend lies with the Parliament.
• Exception: Basic Structure of the Indian constitution (Kesavananda Bharati case )
• Borrowed from South Africa

PROCEDURE FOR AMENDMENT {ARTICLE 368}

Provisions Related to Amendment Procedure in Indian Constitution

Provisions Related to Amendment Procedure in Indian Constitution
Introduction of bill	Either house of parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha)
Prior approval of President	Not needed
Type of Majority needed	Special Majority
Bill in houses	Both the houses need to pass the bill with special majority.
Joint seating	No provision exists. Both houses need to pass the bill separately.
Amendment of federal provisions	Special majority + ratification by the legislatures of half of the states by a simple majority.
Assent to the bill	President must give his assent i.e. Obligatory for the President to given his assent.
Role of State Legislature	Cannot introduce such a bill.

TYPES OF MAJORITY

Simple Majority	Special Majority	Special Majority of parliament + Consent of States
• Majority of members of each house present and voting. • Similar to ordinary law-making process. • Not considered amendment under Article 368. • Example: Indian Antarctic Bill, 2022 was passed to have India’s own measures to protect the Antarctic environment	• Majority of 2/3rd members present and voting + more than 50% of the total strength of the house. • Example: 103rd constitutional amendment act which gave 10% reservation for EWS (Economically weaker sections).	• Special majority + Ratification of half of the state legislatures by a simple majority. • Federal provisions are amended using this process. • Example: 101st amendment which introduced GST (Goods and Services Tax).

VARIOUS PROVISIONS AND TYPE OF MAJORITY REQUIRED

Types of Majority	Provisions which can be changed
Simple Majority	Admission/ establishment of new states (Art.2) • Article 3: Formation of new states & alteration of area, boundaries or names of existing states • Second Schedule (emoluments, allowances, privileges) • Article 169: Abolition/creation of legislative councils in states • Article 100: Quorum in parliament • Article 106: Salaries & allowances of members of the parliament • Article 118: Rules of procedure in parliament • Use of English in parliament • Number of puisne judges in SC • Article 105: Privileges of parliament, its members and committees. • Article 138: Conferment of more jurisdiction to SC • Article 343: Use of official language • Article 5 – 11: Citizenship • Elections to parliament and state legislatures • Article 82: Delimitation of constituencies • 6th Schedule • Union Territories • 5th Schedule
Special Majority	• Fundamental Rights • Directive Principles of State Policy • Any other provisions not covered under other two types
Special Majority + Ratification of States	• Election of the President and its manner • Extent of executive power of the Union and the states • Supreme Court and High Courts • Distribution of legislative powers between the Union & the states • Seventh Schedule (3 lists) – Art. 246 • Representation of states in parliament • Article 368 GST Council

RECENT AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Amendment	Changes introduced by amendment
99th Constitutional amendment (2014)	Formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission.
100th Constitutional amendment (2015)	Related to the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between India and Bangladesh.
101st Constitutional amendment (2017)	Introduced the Goods and Services Tax
102nd Constitutional amendment (2018)	Constitutional status to National Commission for Backward Classes.
103rd Constitutional amendment (2019)	Provided a maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs).
104th Constitutional amendment (2020)	Extended the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies. Removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.
105th Constitutional amendment (2021)	Restored the power of the state governments to identify Other Backward Classes (OBCs) that are socially and educationally backward. Annulled SC judgement of 11 May 2021, which had empowered only the Central government for such identification.

Chapter 11 : History of Jharkhand

11.1 History of Jharkhand

History of Jharkhand

Naming

• The word Jharkhand is formed from two parts: Jhar/Jhad (forest/jungle) + Khand (region)

• Thus, the literal meaning of Jharkhand is “forest region” or an area covered with dense forests.

• The earliest mention of the word Jharkhand is found in a 13th-century copper plate.

Table 1

Source/Period	Name
13th century copper plate (first archaeological evidence of the term Jharkhand)	Jharkhand
Aitareya Brahmana (first literary reference to Jharkhand region)	Pundra/Pundr
Vayu Purana	Murand
Vishnu Purana	Mund
Prayag Prashasti of Samudragupta	Murund
Bhagavata Purana	Kikkat region
Digvijaya Parva of Mahabharata	Pashu Bhumi / Pundrik Bhumi
Rigveda	Kikat region
Atharvaveda	Vratya region
Early medieval literature	Kalind Desh
Abul Fazl’s Akbarnama	Jharkhand
Kautilya’s Arthashastra	Kukut/Kukkat Desh
Ain-i-Akbari	Kokra/Khankarah
Tarikh-i-Firozshahi	Jharkhand
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri	Khokhra
Mirat-ul-Umara	Kokarah
Mughal period	Khukhra/Kukra/Kokarah

Table 2

Text/Source	Name
Ptolemy	Mundal
Fa-Hien (travel account China–Korea)	Kukkut Lad
13th Edict of Mauryan Emperor Ashoka	Atavi
Hiuen Tsang (travel account Si-Yu-Ki)	Ki-lo-na-su-fa-la-na / Karna Suvarna
Verses of Kabir	Jharkhand
Padmavat	Jharkhand
Chaitanya Charitamrita by Krishnadas Kaviraj	Jharkhand (in Chapter 7)
Munda rule	Jaherkhand
J.H. Hewitt	Chutia Nagpur
East India Company	Chotanagpur

Table 3

Region of Jharkhand	Name
Rajmahal region	“Ki-ching-kai-lo” (by Hiuen Tsang)
Santhal Pargana	Narikhand, Kankajol, Suryadesh and Jangaltari
Ranchi	Wilkinson Ganj, Kishunpur, Bishunpur
Kharsawan	Kartasina

झारखण्ड का इतिहास

नामकरण

झारखण्ड शब्द दो भागों से मिलकर बना है: झार/झाड़ (वन/जंगल) + खण्ड (प्रदेश)
• इस प्रकार झारखण्ड का शाब्दिक अर्थ ‘वन प्रदेश’ या घने जंगलों वाला क्षेत्र है।
• झारखण्ड शब्द का सर्वप्रथम उल्लेख 13वीं शताब्दी के एक ताम्रपत्र (Copper Plate) में मिलता है।

तालिका 1

स्रोत/कालखण्ड	नामकरण
13वीं सदी के ताम्रपत्र (झारखण्ड शब्द का प्रथम पुरातात्विक प्रमाण)	झारखण्ड
ऐतरेय ब्राह्मण (झारखण्ड प्रदेश का प्रथम साहित्यिक उल्लेख)	पुण्ड्र/पुण्ड्र
वायु पुराण	मुरण्ड
विष्णु पुराण	मुण्ड
समुद्रगुप्त का प्रयाग प्रशस्ति	मुरूण्ड
भागवत पुराण	किक्कट प्रदेश
महाभारत का दिग्विजय पर्व	पशु भूमि/पुण्ड्रिक भूमि
ऋग्वेद	कीकट प्रदेश
अथर्ववेद	व्रात्य प्रदेश
पूर्व मध्यकालीन साहित्य	कलिंद देश
अबुल फजल का अकबरनामा	झारखण्ड
कौटिल्य का अर्थशास्त्र	कुकुट/कुक्कट देश
आईन-ए-अकबरी	कोकरा/खंकारह
तारीख-ए-फिरोजशाही	झारखण्ड
तुजुक-ए-जहाँगीरी	खोखरा
मिरात-उल-उमरा	कोकरह
मुगल काल	खुखरा/कुकरा/कोकराह

तालिका 2

ग्रंथ/स्रोत	नाम
टॉलमी	मुण्डल
फाह्यान (यात्रा वृत्तांत चीन-कोरिया)	कुक्कुट लाड
मौर्य सम्राट अशोक का 13वाँ शिलालेख	अटावी
ह्वेनसांग (यात्रा वृत्तांत सी-यू-की)	की-लो-ना-सु-फ-ला-ना/कर्ण सुवर्ण
कबीर के पद	झारखण्ड
पद्मावत	झारखण्ड
कृष्णदास कविराज का चैतन्य चरितामृत	झारखण्ड (सातवें अध्याय में)
मुंडा शासन	जाहेरखोण्ड
जे.एच. हेविट	चुटिया नागपुर
ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी	छोटानागपुर

तालिका 3

झारखण्ड के क्षेत्र	नामकरण
राजमहल क्षेत्र	“कि-चिंग-काई-लॉ” (ह्वेनसांग द्वारा)
संथाल परगना	नरीखंड, कांकजोल, सूर्यदेश एवं जंगलतरी
राँची	विल्किंसनगंज, किशुनपुर, विशुनपुर
खरसावाँ	करतासिना

11.2 Remains Obtained from Archaeological Sources

Remains Obtained from Archaeological Sources

• The history of Jharkhand is not only ancient but also very rich from an archaeological perspective.

• Important remains from the Stone Age to the medieval period have been found here, which narrate the story of the development of human civilization.

Table 1

Site	District	Remains Found
Isko	Hazaribagh	Rock art, deep underground cave of the Ice Age, Sun temple, surface mandala
Dumduma	Hazaribagh	Shivling, Stone Age sculptures
Doodhpani	Hazaribagh	Pala period inscriptions of the 8th century
Baharganda	Hazaribagh	Remains of 49 copper mines
Sitagarh Hill	Hazaribagh	Buddhist monastery
Saraiya, Rahamdahngi	Hazaribagh	Stone Age tools, Stone Age spear and axe
Mandu, Barkagaon, Rajrappa	Hazaribagh	Stone Age man-made tools
Hazaribagh	Hazaribagh	Eight-petalled lotus carved on pink sandstone
Benusagar/Benisagar	West Singhbhum	7th century Jain sculptures
Chakradharpur	West Singhbhum	Neolithic knife-like sharp stone
Chaibasa	West Singhbhum	Indo-Scythian coins
Singhbhum	West Singhbhum	Coins of the Roman Empire
Barudih	East Singhbhum	Stone Age pottery fragments, stone hammer, sharp-edged stones, baked clay pots, bone weapons
Banaghat	East Singhbhum	Neolithic stones, black pottery

Table 2

Site	District	Remains Found
Bokaro	East Singhbhum	Handmade pottery, stone beads
Burhadi, Burju, Chaibasa	East Singhbhum	Neolithic stone axes
Palamu Fort	Latehar	Statue of Buddha in Bhumisparsha Mudra
Pandu	Palamu	Mud walls, earthen pots, copper tools, stone grinder
Naudiha	Palamu	102 silver coins in an earthen pitcher
Itkhori	Chatra	Gupta period remains
Obra	Chatra	Evidence of Megalithic culture
Bhawnathpur	Garhwa	Hunting paintings, prehistoric caves and rock art
Jharia	Dhanbad	Paleolithic stone axe and beads
Basia	Gumla	Copper axe, iron saw
Navratnagarh Fort	Gumla	600-year-old underground palace structure
Namkum	Ranchi	Copper bangles, iron tools, arrowheads
Murud	Khunti	Copper chain, bronze ring
Dargama	Khunti	Chalcolithic villages
Lohardaga	Lohardaga	Bronze cup
Bokaro	Bokaro	Paleolithic green mica-crystal hand axe
Lupgadhi	–	Remains of burial sites
Palamu Block	–	Tools from all three Stone Ages

पुरातात्विक स्रोतों से प्राप्त अवशेष

झारखण्ड का इतिहास न केवल प्राचीन है, बल्कि पुरातात्विक दृष्टि से अत्यंत समृद्ध भी है।
• यहाँ पाषाण काल से लेकर मध्यकाल तक के महत्वपूर्ण अवशेष मिले हैं, जो मानव सभ्यता के विकास की कहानी कहते हैं।

तालिका 1

स्थल	जिला	प्राप्त अवशेष
इस्को	हजारीबाग	रॉक आर्ट, बर्फ युग की गहरी भूमिगत गुफा, सूर्य मंदिर, सतह मंडल
दुमदूमा	हजारीबाग	शिवलिंग, पाषाणकालीन मूर्तियाँ
दूधपानी	हजारीबाग	आठवीं शताब्दी के पालकालीन अभिलेख
बाहरगंडा	हजारीबाग	तांबे की 49 खान के अवशेष
सीतागढ़ पहाड़	हजारीबाग	बौद्ध मठ
सरैया, रहमदहंगी	हजारीबाग	पाषाणकालीन पत्थर के उपकरण, पाषाणकालीन भाला एवं कुल्हाड़ी
मांडू, बडकागाँव, रजरप्पा	हजारीबाग	पाषाणकालीन मानव निर्मित पत्थर के औजार
हजारीबाग	हजारीबाग	गुलाबी बलुआ पत्थर पर निर्मित अष्टदलीय कमल
बेनूसागर/बेनीसागर	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	सातवीं शताब्दी की जैन मूर्तियाँ
चक्रधरपुर	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	नवपाषाणकालीन चाकूनुमा धारदार पत्थर
चाईबासा	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	इंडोसीथियन सिक्के
सिंहभूम	पश्चिमी सिंहभूम	रोमन साम्राज्य के सिक्के
बारुडीह	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	पाषाणकालीन मृदुभाण्ड के टुकड़े, पत्वर की हथौड़ी, तीक्ष्ण घार वाले पत्थर, पक्की मिट्टी के मटके, हड्डियों के हथियार
बानाघाट	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	नवपाषाणकालीन पत्थर, काला मृदुभाण्ड

तालिका 2

स्थल	जिला	प्राप्त अवशेष
बोकारो	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	हाथ से बने मृदभाण्ड, पत्थर के मनके
बुरहादी, बुरजू, चाईबासा	पूर्वी सिंहभूम	नवपाषाणकालीन पत्थर के कुल्हाड़े
पलामू किला	लातेहार	बुद्ध की भूमि स्पर्श मुद्रा में मूर्ति
पांडू	पलामू	मिट्टी की दीवार, मिट्टी के कलश, तांबे के औजार, पत्थर की चक्की
नौडीहा	पलामू	मिट्टी की सुराही में 102 चांदी के सिक्के
इटखोरी	चतरा	गुप्तकालीन अवशेष
ओबरा	चतरा	मेगालिथ/महापाषाण संस्कृति के साक्ष्य
भवनाथपुर	गढ़वा	आखेट के चित्र प्रागैतिहासिक काल की गुफाएँ एवं शैल चित्र
झरिया	धनबाद	पुरापाषाणकालीन पत्थर की कुल्हाड़ी एवं माला
बसिया	गुमला	तांबे की कुल्हाड़ी, लोहे की आरी
नवरत्नगढ़ किला	गुमला	600 वर्ष पुरानी प्राचीन भूमिगत महल की संरचना
नामकुम	रांची	तांबे के कंगन, लोहे के औजार, बाण के फलक
मुरद	खूंटी	तांबे की सिकड़ी, कांसे की अंगूठी
दरगामा	खूंटी	ताम्रपाषाण काल के गांव
लोहरदगा	लोहरदगा	कांसे का प्याला
बोकारो	बोकारो	पुरापाषाणकालीन हरा अभ्रकीय-स्फटिक हस्तकुठार
लुपगढी	–	कब्रगाह के अवशेष
पलामू प्रखण्ड	–	तीनों पाषाण कालों के औजार

11.3 Jharkhand: A Historic Confluence of Buddhism and Jainism

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Jharkhand: A Historic Confluence of Buddhism and Jainism

• Since ancient times, the land of Jharkhand has been a refuge for various religions.

• The remains found in its hills and riverbanks testify that this region was a major center of both Buddhism and Jainism.

Buddhism

• The remains of Buddhism in Jharkhand not only reflect ancient architecture but also reveal the cultural depth of the region.

• Historically, Dhanbad (Dalmi and Buddhpur areas) is considered the most important center of Buddhism in Jharkhand.

Archaeological Evidence of Buddhism

• Buddhpur (Dhanbad): The famous Buddheshwar Temple here is a living proof of the presence of Buddhism.

• Katunga Village (Simdega): A grand statue of Lord Buddha has been discovered here.

• Ichagarh (Seraikela-Kharsawan): A statue of the Buddhist goddess Tara has been found here.

• Suryakund (Hazaribagh): Ancient statues of Buddha have also been found here.

• Belwadag (Khunti): Remains of an ancient Buddhist monastery have been discovered at this site.

• Dalmi (Dhanbad): Several Buddhist monuments are located along the banks of the Damodar River here.

Jainism

• Jharkhand, especially Giridih district, is one of the holiest places in the world for followers of Jainism.

• Parasnath Hill (Sammed Shikhar): It is known as the Mecca of Jainism.

• Out of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism, 20 attained nirvana (liberation) on this sacred hill.

• It is the highest peak of Jharkhand (1365 meters).

Archaeological Evidence of Jainism

• Hanuman Village (Palamu): Ancient Jain worship sites and remains have been found here.

• Damodar and Kasai River Valleys: Many important remains related to Jainism have been discovered along these riverbanks.

• Singhbhum Region: The early inhabitants here were called “Sarak,” which is a derivative of the word “Shravak” (Jain follower), indicating that they followed Jainism.

11.4 Jharkhand: From Mauryan Administrative Center to Gupta Period Prosperity

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Jharkhand: From Mauryan Administrative Center to Gupta Period Prosperity

In ancient times, Jharkhand was not just a forest region, but also served as a source of military strength (elephants) and strategic routes for the empires of Magadha. Rulers like Shashanka laid the foundation of Hindu architecture here, which still survives today in the form of temples.

Mauryan Period

• During the Mauryan period, especially under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, Jharkhand had a significant impact on development and cultural history.

• During this time, the region emerged as an important political, cultural, and economic center.

• In Kautilya’s Arthashastra, this region is referred to as Kukut/Kukkutdesh, where a republican form of governance existed.

• Diamonds were obtained from the region of the Indravak rivers (Ib and Shankh).

• In Ashoka’s 13th edict, the region is mentioned as the Atavika Pradesh, where officials (Rakshita) were sent to propagate Dhamma among the tribal communities.

Evidence from the Post-Mauryan Period

Evidence	Details
Coins of the Roman Empire	Found in Singhbhum
Indo-Scythian coins	Found in Chaibasa
Kushan period coins	Found in Ranchi (indicating the influence of Kanishka)

Gupta Period

• The Prayag Prashasti, composed by Harishena, the court poet of Samudragupta, mentions the Atavika region in various descriptions.

Gupta Period Archaeological Remains

Site	Remains
Pithoria (Ranchi)	Well
Madhuhi Hill (Hazaribagh)	Four temples carved out of stone
Satgawan (Koderma)	Temple

Post-Gupta Period

• Shashanka is considered the first major Hindu ruler to establish strong authority over the Jharkhand region.

• He promoted Hinduism, especially Shaivism, widely across the region.

• He constructed several grand Shiva temples.

• The famous Shiva temple at Venusagar located in Kochang (West Singhbhum district) is believed to have been built by Shashanka.

• After Shashanka’s death, his empire declined, and Harshavardhana established his influence over this region.

• During Harshavardhana’s time, the Kajangal region of Santhal Pargana (near present-day Sahibganj and Rajmahal) was very important.

• The historic meeting between Harshavardhana and Hiuen Tsang in the Rajmahal region immortalized this area in the pages of Indian history.

11.5 Medieval Jharkhand: From Sultanate to Mughal Period

Medieval Jharkhand: From Sultanate to Mughal Period

During the medieval period, Jharkhand became a center of attraction for the Mughals due to its mineral wealth (especially diamonds) and its rugged hilly terrain. During this time, the political identity of Jharkhand evolved from “Khokhra” to “Jharkhand.”

The history of Jharkhand in the medieval period is a long narrative of external invasions, the rise of regional dynasties, and conflicts with Mughal authority.

Early Medieval Evidence in Jharkhand

Place	District	Description
Itkhori	Chatra	• The idol of Maa Bhadrakali is related to the Pala period. • Inscriptions of Mahendrapala have been found here.
Mahamaya Temple	Gumla	• Located in Hapmuni village. • Related to the Pala period. • Built in 908 AD by Nagvanshi ruler Gajghat Rai. • The first priest was Maratha Brahmin Dwij Harinath. • A statue of Vishnu was installed by Shivdas Karn.
Tanginath Temple	Gumla	• Related to the Pala period.
Chhinnamastika Temple	Ramgarh	• Also related to the Pala period. • Located at Rajrappa as the Ashtabhuji Chhinnamastika Shaktipeeth.
Maluti	Dumka	• This site is associated with the Pala period.

In the 12th century, for the first time, the Odisha king Narasimha I, and later in the 13th century, King Anang Bhim Dev of Odisha, declared themselves as rulers of Jharkhand.

Activities in Jharkhand during the Sultanate Period

• Bakhtiyar Khilji: In the 13th century, he attacked Nadia (Bengal) through the route of Jharkhand.

Major Events

• Alauddin Khilji: In 1310 AD, he sent his general Chhajju Malik to bring the Nagvanshi kingdom under his control. His general Malik Kafur also passed through Jharkhand on his way to conquer South India.

• Firoz Shah Tughlaq: He captured the Satgawan region of Hazaribagh and made it his capital.

• Muhammad bin Tughlaq: His general Malik Bayan reached the Santhal-inhabited area of Chai-Champa in the northwestern part of Hazaribagh. He also appointed Chhajjuddin Azamul Mulk as the ruler of Satgawan in Koderma.

• Hussain Shah Sharqi: In 1494 AD, the ruler of Jaunpur took refuge in Sahibganj (Jharkhand) due to fear of Sikandar Lodi.

• Adil Shah II: The ruler of Khandesh (Bijapur) was also known as the “Jharkhandi Sultan.”

Activities in Jharkhand during the Mughal Period

1534–1537 AD

• Afghan ruler Sher Shah adopted the Jharkhand route during his conquest of Bengal.

• During the Bengal campaign, Sher Shah’s son Jalal Khan blockaded Teliagarhi in Rajmahal.

1538 AD

Sher Shah sent Khwas Khan to attack Maharath Chero, the ruler of Shahabad, but this campaign was postponed due to the Battle of Chausa. Eventually, Sher Shah Suri obtained a white elephant named Shyam Sundar/Shyam Chandra from Maharath Chero, which is also mentioned in the Jahangirnama.

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Mughal Period (Continued)

Year	Description
1585 AD	• Akbar made Jharkhand a tributary region. • In the same year, Akbar sent his army under Shahbaz Khan. In this conflict, the Nagvanshi ruler Madhukaran Shah was defeated and agreed to pay annual tribute.
1589 AD	• Akbar appointed Raja Man Singh as the Subedar of Bihar–Jharkhand.
1592 AD	• Raja Man Singh made Rajmahal the capital of Bihar and Bengal.
1615 AD	• Jahangir appointed Ibrahim Khan as the Subedar of Bihar and sent him to conquer Jharkhand.
1615–1627 AD	• During Jahangir’s reign, the Shankh River was famous for diamonds, and Jahangir wanted control over it, but the Nagvanshi ruler Durjan Shah refused to accept Mughal authority. • On Jahangir’s orders, Durjan Shah was imprisoned in Gwalior Fort for 12 years (1615–1627).
1632 AD	• During Shah Jahan’s reign, Pratap Rai, the ruler of the Chero dynasty of Palamu, was very powerful. • The Mughal Subedar of Bihar, Abdullah Khan, increased the revenue of the Palamu region to ₹1,36,000, forcing Pratap Rai to collect more taxes from the people.
1639 AD	• At this time, Rajmahal was the capital of Bengal, which was later shifted to Dhaka during Aurangzeb’s reign. • Shah Jahan’s son Shuja (Governor of Bengal–Odisha) also made Rajmahal his capital.
1640 AD	• After the death of Durjan Shah, Raghunath Shah became the next Nagvanshi ruler. • During his reign, Mughal officer Khanzada attacked, after which Raghunath Shah made a treaty with the Mughal emperor and agreed to pay tribute.
1641 AD	• Shah Jahan appointed Shaista Khan as the new Subedar of Bihar. • On Shah Jahan’s orders, Shaista Khan attacked the Chero kingdom of Palamu. • This attack was repelled by Pratap Rai, after which he made a treaty with Shaista Khan, agreeing to appear in Patna and pay an annual tax of ₹80,000.

Year	Description
1660 AD	• During Aurangzeb’s reign, Medini Rai was the ruler of the Chero dynasty of Palamu. Aurangzeb sent his Subedar Daud Khan to attack and collect tribute. • Daud Khan left Patna on 23 April, captured Kothi fort on 5 May, and Kunda fort (Chatra) on 3 June. • After being defeated, the ruler of Kunda, Chunarai, converted to Islam. Angered by this, his brother Surwar Rai, on Medini Rai’s instructions, killed him. • Medini Rai rejected Aurangzeb’s proposal to accept Islam and pay a fixed tax, and declared war. • During the battle with the Mughals on the banks of the Auranga River, Medini Rai’s forces weakened, forcing him to flee and take refuge in Sarguja. • Daud Khan built a mosque in Palamu Fort to commemorate his victory and took the main gate of the fort with him when returning to Patna.
1666 AD	• Palamu was placed under the Subedar of Bihar, and the Subedar Manakli Khan appointed by Daud Khan was later transferred. After his departure, Medini Rai returned from Sarguja and regained control over Palamu.
1670 AD	• During Aurangzeb’s reign, Ramgarh ruler Dalel Singh shifted his capital from Badam to Ramgarh. • Dalel Singh also defeated and killed Magar Khan, the ruler of Chas.

• After the death of Aurangzeb, Jharkhand became free from Mughal rule.

• Palamu was the only region in Jharkhand that remained largely unaffected by Muslim invasions.

Page No.: 177

11.6 Regional Dynasties of Jharkhand

Regional Dynasties of Jharkhand

Munda Rule in Jharkhand: The First Attempt at State Formation

• The process of state formation in Jharkhand is credited to the Munda tribe. They were the first to establish an administrative framework in this region.

1. Founders of State Formation

• Credit: The initiation of state formation in Jharkhand is attributed to Ritu Munda (also referred to as Risha Munda by many historians).

• First Ruler: Risha Munda, through his wisdom, appointed Sutia Pahan as the ruler of the Mundas.

2. Rise of Sutia Nagkhand

• Naming: The newly established state was named Sutia Nagkhand after Sutia Pahan.

• Title of the Ruler: Sutia Pahan became the first legitimate ruler of this state.

3. Administrative Structure (7 Forts and 21 Parganas)

• To ensure smooth governance, Sutia Pahan divided the state into 7 forts, which were further divided into 21 parganas:

7 Major Forts:

Lohgarh (Lohardaga)
Hazaribagh
Palungarh (Palamu)
Mangarh (Manbhum)
Singhgarh (Singhbhum)
Kesalgarh
Surguzgarh (Sarguja)

4. End of Munda Rule

• The rule of Sutia Nagkhand continued for a long time, but its last ruler was Madra Munda.

• After the reign of Madra Munda, power was transferred, and the Nagvanshi dynasty was established by Phanimukut Rai.

Nagvanshi Dynasty of Chotanagpur: A Historical Introduction

• After the decline of Munda rule, power in Jharkhand came into the hands of the Nagvanshis. This dynasty ruled the region for centuries and made significant contributions to art, culture, and administration.

Table: Nagvanshi Rulers and Their Capitals

Nagvanshi Ruler	Capital
Phanimukut Rai	Sutiambe (First Capital)
Pratap Rai	Chutia
Bhim Karn	Khukhra
Durjan Shah	Doisa (Doisa)
Ain Shah	Satranji
Yadunath Shah	Palkot
Jagannath Shahdev	Palkot Bhanwro
Udaynath Shahdev	Ratugarh (Final Capital)

3. Architecture and Major Works of the Nagvanshis

• The Nagvanshi rulers constructed many historical temples and structures in Jharkhand.

Page No.: 178

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1. Bhim Karn

• He constructed the Bhimsagar (tank). He was the first ruler to adopt the title “Karn” instead of “Rai.”

2. Durjan Sal (Shah)

• He built a five-storeyed palace named Navratnagarh at Doissa.

3. Ain Shah (1691 AD)

• He constructed the famous Jagannath Temple in Ranchi.

4. Shivdas Karn

• He established the Hapamuni Temple at Ghaghra in Gumla.

4. Important Facts of the Mughal and British Period

• Durjan Sal: Mughal ruler Jahangir kept him imprisoned in Gwalior Fort for 12 years. Due to his exceptional ability to identify diamonds, Jahangir later released him and conferred upon him the title “Shah.”

• Raghunath Shah: He was the Nagvanshi ruler during the reign of Aurangzeb. Significant development in architecture took place during his time.

• Dripanath Shah: When the British (East India Company) entered in 1771, he was the ruling Nagvanshi king.

• Last King: The 62nd and last living king of the Nagvansh was Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo.

Dynasties of Palamu: Rakshel and Chero Dynasty

• The Palamu region (present-day Palamu and Latehar) is known for its powerful forts and valiant rulers.

1. Rakshel Dynasty

• Early Rule: Before the rise of the Chero dynasty, Palamu was dominated by the Rakshel Rajputs.

• Branches: The Rakshels considered themselves to have originated from Rajputana and had two main branches—Devgan and Kundalewa.

• Decline: In the early 16th century, the Chero tribe organized themselves and overthrew the Rakshels from power.

2. Chero Dynasty

• The Chero dynasty is known in the history of Jharkhand for its bravery and architectural achievements.

• Establishment: Around 1572 AD, Bhagwat Rai established the Chero dynasty after defeating the Rakshels.

• Famous Ruler: Medini Rai (Golden Age)

• Title: He was called the “Just King” because his rule was fair and people-oriented.

• Golden Age: The reign of Medini Rai is considered the golden age of the Chero rule, marked by great progress in agriculture and trade.

• Old and New Forts: Among the famous forts of Palamu, the New Fort was built by Medini Rai. The Nagpuri gate installed in it was won after defeating the Nagvanshi rulers.

3. Major Battles and Historical Facts

• Aurangzeb’s Period: When Aurangzeb ruled in Delhi, Medini Rai was ruling Palamu.

• Aurangzeb’s general Daud Khan attacked Palamu in 1660 AD.

Singh Dynasty of Singhbhum

• The naming of the Singhbhum region and the history of its rulers represent a unique blend of tribal culture and Rajput valor.

Page No.: 179

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1. Background of Naming

• View of the Ho Tribe: According to the local Ho tribe, the region is named after their chief deity Singbonga.

• View of the Singh Dynasty: On the other hand, the rulers of the Singh dynasty believed that the region was named Singhbhum after their own lineage.

2. Main Source of History

• Detailed information about the history of the Singh dynasty is obtained from the text “Vansha Prabha Lekhan.” This text describes two branches of the Singh dynasty.

• Two Branches of the Singh Dynasty:

1. First Branch

✓ Established around the 8th century (693 AD), founded by Kashinath Singh

✓ A total of 13 rulers governed in this branch

✓ Initially, these rulers were under the influence of the Nagvanshi rulers of Chotanagpur

2. Second Branch

Main Rulers:

✓ Established in 1205 AD by Darp Narayan Singh

✓ Important rulers:

• Yudhishthir – succeeded Darp Narayan Singh

• Achyut Singh – greatly expanded the kingdom

• Kashiram Singh – made Podahat the capital

• Jagannath Singh II – his cruel rule led to a rebellion by the Ho tribe

Important Historical Facts Related to the Singh Dynasty

• Rise of Podahat: The rulers of the second branch of the Singh dynasty made Podahat their center of power.

Tribal Conflicts

• There were frequent conflicts between the Singh dynasty rulers and the Ho tribe. The main reasons were heavy taxation imposed on the tribes and interference in their autonomy.

• Arjun Singh (Revolt of 1857): The king of Porahat, Arjun Singh, was one of the greatest heroes of the 1857 Revolt in the Singhbhum region. He supported the rebels and fought against the British.

Ramgarh State

• It was established in 1368 AD by Baghdev Singh. Baghdev Singh and his brother Singhdev initially served in the army of the Nagvanshi rulers.

First Capital

• The initial capital of the state was Sira (also known as Sisai).

Sequence of Capitals

✓ Sisai (First)

✓ Badam (during the time of Hemant Singh)

✓ Ramgarh (shifted from Badam by Dalel Singh in 1670 AD)

✓ Ichak (during the time of Tej Singh)

✓ Padma (Final capital)

Opposition to the British and Mukund Singh

• Mukund Singh, the ruler of Ramgarh, was among the few rulers of Jharkhand who strongly opposed the British from beginning to end. He never accepted British authority, due to which Captain Camac attacked him in 1772 AD.

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Other Important Regional Principalities

In different parts of Jharkhand, several other independent principalities also flourished:

1. Khadagdiha State (Hazaribagh/Giridih region)

• Founder: It was established by Hansraj Dev.

• Feature: Hansraj Dev was originally from South India, and he laid the foundation of this state after defeating the local ruler of the Bandawat community.

2. Saraikela State

• Founder: It was established by Vikram Singh (son of Singh dynasty ruler Arjun Singh).

• Expansion: Vikram Singh developed Saraikela as an independent principality, which later became famous for its Chhau dance tradition.

3. Dhalbhum and the Dhal Dynasty

• Region: It was mainly located in the Ghatshila region of Singhbhum.

• Fact: The practice of human sacrifice was prevalent here, which was later abolished. The ruler Jagannath Dhal led the first rebellion against the British (known as the Dhal Rebellion).

Page No.: 181

11.7 Entry of the British and Christians in Jharkhand

Entry of the British and Christians in Jharkhand

The entry of the British and Christian missionaries into Jharkhand are two very significant events in its modern history. They deeply influenced the social, political, and economic structure of the region. Their arrival marked the beginning of modernization in Jharkhand, but this came at the cost of tribal communities losing their freedom and land rights.

While the British aimed at political control and revenue collection, the Christian missionaries focused on education, healthcare, and religious conversion. The British engaged in economic exploitation, whereas the missionaries brought a new social awareness. On one hand, they connected tribal society with the outside world and introduced education; on the other, they disrupted the traditional system of jal, jungle, jameen (water, forest, land). Modern Jharkhand stands on the foundation of these historical developments.

Situation During British Expansion in Jharkhand

Region of Jharkhand	Ruling Authority	Description
Dhalbhum region	Dhal rulers	Dhal rebellion under Jagannath Dhal
Porahat region	Singh dynasty	Rule of Jagannath Singh IV
Kolhan region	Ho rulers	Conflict between British and Ho tribe
Palamu region	Chero dynasty	Succession disputes in Palamu
Chotanagpur Khas	Nagvanshi rulers	Rule of Darpnath Shah
Hazaribagh region	Ramgarh State	Rule of Mukund Singh
Dhanbad/Manbhum	—	It took the British 20 years to enter this region
Santhal Pargana region	—	Known as Jungle Tarai

Situation After the Entry of the British

• 1767 AD: The British first entered Jharkhand in the Singhbhum region.

• 1771 AD: British officer Camac captured Palamu Fort. The East India Company declared Gopal Rai as the ruler of Palamu and fixed an annual revenue of ₹4,000, which was later increased to ₹12,000.

• 1820 AD: After Major Roughsedge entered the Kolhan region, a battle took place between the British army and the Ho tribe on the banks of the Roro River, in which the British emerged victorious.

• During the British period, out of all princely states in India, two princely states—Saraikela and Kharsawan—were located in Jharkhand. These princely states were not directly ruled by the British but were governed by Indian rulers under subordinate alliances with the British Crown.

Initial Situation with the Arrival of Christians

The Gossner Mission was the first Christian mission in Jharkhand. It was sent to Ranchi on 2 November 1845 by Father G.E. Gossner from Germany along with a group of four missionaries. The actual founder of this mission was Dr. Haeckelin. Their initial objective was not only religious preaching but also to help the oppressed sections of society.

In 1850, they converted four Kabirpanthi tribals of Ranchi (Keshav, Naveen, Ghuran, and Bandhu). After the success of the Gossner Mission, several other missionary institutions also came to Jharkhand.

Major Christian Missions in Jharkhand

Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Mission
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Mission
Roman Catholic Mission
The United Free Church of Scotland
Dublin University Mission

Major Christian Missions and Their Contributions

Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Mission

Year	Work
1845 AD	Establishment of Bethesda (House of Mercy/Purity)
1855 AD	Foundation of the first church of the Gossner Mission in Ranchi on 25 December
1899 AD	Establishment of Gossner High School in Ranchi (later became a university after independence)

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Mission / Anglican Mission

Year	Work
1873 AD	Construction of St. Paul’s Cathedral Church
1877 AD	Publication of Jharkhand’s first fortnightly Hindi magazine Gharbandhu
1890 AD	St. Paul’s Cathedral granted bishop status (first church in Jharkhand to receive this status; first bishop J.C. Whitley)
1898 AD	Establishment of St. Michael’s Blind School in Ranchi

Roman Catholic Mission

• This mission was established in 1869 in Chaibasa by Father Stockman, and its real founder was Father Lievens (Libin Sahib).

Year	Event
1893 AD	Father John Baptist Hoffmann joined the mission; he prepared the blueprint of the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, 1908 and authored Encyclopaedia Mundarica
1909 AD	Establishment of St. Mary’s Cathedral Church (Catholic Cathedral) in Ranchi
1955 AD	Establishment of Xavier Institute of Social Service in Ranchi

The United Free Church of Scotland

• In 1929, this mission was renamed as the Central Mission of the Church of Scotland.

• Dr. Andrew Campbell was the most famous physician under this mission. For his excellent work among the Santhals, he was called the “Apostle of Santhals” and was awarded the title Kaiser-i-Hind by the British government.

Dublin University Mission

• This mission was established in 1892. Under it, Jharkhand’s first college, St. Columba’s College, was established in Hazaribagh in 1899.

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11.8 Tribal Resistance and History of Struggles in Jharkhand

Tribal Resistance and History of Struggles in Jharkhand

The tribal revolts of Jharkhand were not merely local uprisings; they were long struggles for social, economic, and political freedom against British colonial rule and their collaborators (zamindars and moneylenders). These revolts shook the colonial administration and eventually forced the British to introduce legal reforms such as the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (CNT Act), 1908 and the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (SPT Act), 1949, which remain crucial for protecting tribal land rights even today.

Major Tribal Revolts in Jharkhand: At a Glance

Revolt	Year	Location	Leader	Suppression by
Dhal Revolt	1767–1777	Dhalbhum	Jagannath Dhal	Lieutenant Rook, Charles Morgan
Chuar Revolt	1769–1805	Jungle Mahal	Durjan Singh, Raghunath Singh, etc.	Major Craft, Lt. Goodyear
Chero Revolt (First Phase)	1770–1771	Palamu	Chitrijit Rai, Jayanath Singh	Captain Camac
Bhogta Revolt	1770–1771	Palamu	Jayanath Singh Bhogta	Jacob Camac
Ghatwal Revolt	1772–1773	Ramgarh	Various Ghatwal chiefs	Jacob Camac
Paharia Revolt	1772–1782	Santhal Pargana	Raman Ahri, Jagannath Dev, Rani Sarveshwari	Cleveland
Tamar Revolt	1782–1821	Tamar region	Thakur Bholanath Singh, Vishnu Manki, Mauji Manki, Dukhan Manki, etc.	Various British officers
Tilka Revolt	1783–1785	Bhagalpur	Tilka Manjhi	Cleveland, Eyre Coote
Munda Revolt	1793–1832	—	Various leaders	—
Chero Revolt (Second Phase)	1800–1802	Palamu	Bhukhan Singh	Captain Jacob
Chero Revolt (Third Phase)	1817	Palamu	Rambaksh Singh, Shivprasad Singh	Captain Jacob
Ho Revolt	1820–1821	Singhbhum	—	Captain Roughsedge, Richard
Kol Revolt	1831–1832	—	Surga Munda, Budhu Bhagat, etc.	Various British officers
Bhumij Revolt	1832–1833	Singhbhum, Dhalbhum, Birbhum	Ganga Narayan Singh	Wilkinson
Santhal Revolt	1855	Bhagalpur / Santhal Pargana	Sidhu–Kanhu	General Lloyd
Safahod Movement	1870	—	Lala Hembram	—
Kharwar Movement	1874	Santhal Pargana	Bhagirath Manjhi	—
Munda Revolt (Ulgulan)	1895–1900	Khunti	Birsa Munda	Commissioner Forbes
Tana Bhagat Movement	1914	Gumla	Jatra Bhagat	—
Haribaba Movement	1931	Singhbhum	Duka Ho	—

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झारखण्ड का जनजातीय प्रतिरोध और संघर्ष का इतिहास

झारखण्ड के जनजातीय विद्रोह केवल स्थानीय संघर्ष नहीं थे, बल्कि ये ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक सत्ता और उनके सहयोगियों (जमींदारों तथा साहूकारों) के विरुद्ध सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता की लंबी गाथाएँ हैं। इन विद्रोहों ने औपनिवेशिक शासन को हिलाकर रख दिया और अंततः अंग्रेजों को कुछ कानूनों में बदलाव करने पड़े, जैसे छोटानागपुर काश्तकारी अधिनियम (CNT Act), 1908 और संथाल परगना काश्तकारी अधिनियम (SPT Act), 1949, जो आज भी आदिवासियों की जमीन की सुरक्षा के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं।

झारखण्ड में विभिन्न जनजातीय विद्रोह : एक नजर

विद्रोह	वर्ष	स्थान	नेतृत्वकर्ता	दमन
ढाल विद्रोह	1767-1777	ढालभूम	जगन्नाथ ढाल	लेफ्टिनेंट रुक, चार्ल्स मॉर्गन
चुआड़ विद्रोह	1769-1805	जंगलमहल	दुर्जन सिंह, रघुनाथ सिंह, इत्यादि	मेजर क्राफ्ट, ले. गुडयार
चेरो विद्रोह (प्रथम चरण)	1770-1771	पलामू	चित्रजीत राय, जयनाथ सिंह	कैप्टन कैमक
भोगता विद्रोह	1770-1771	पलामू	जयनाथ सिंह भोगता	जैकब कैमक
घटवाल विद्रोह	1772-1773	रामगढ़	विभिन्न घटवाल सरदार	जैकब कैमक
पहाड़िया विद्रोह	1772-1782	संथाल परगना	रमन आहड़ी, जगन्नाथ देव, रानी सर्वेश्वरी	क्लिवलैंड
तमाड़ विद्रोह	1782-1821	तमाड़ क्षेत्र	ठाकुर भोलानाथ सिंह, विष्णु मानकी, मौजी मानकी, दुखन मानकी, इत्यादि	विभिन्न ब्रिटिश अधिकारी
तिलका विद्रोह	1783-1785	भागलपुर	तिलका मांझी	क्लिवलैंड, आयरकूट
मुंडा विद्रोह	1793-1832	–	अलग-अलग नेतृत्वकर्ता	–
चेरो विद्रोह (द्वितीय चरण)	1800-1802	पलामू	भूखन सिंह	कैप्टन जेकोब
चेरो विद्रोह (तृतीय चरण)	1817	पलामू	रामबख्स सिंह, शिवप्रसाद सिंह	कैप्टन जेकोब
हो विद्रोह	1820-21	सिंहभूम	–	कैप्टन रफसेज एवं रिचर्ड
कोल विद्रोह	1831-32	–	सुरगा मुण्डा, बुधु भगत, इत्यादि	विभिन्न ब्रिटिश अधिकारी
भूमिज विद्रोह	1832-33	सिंहभूम, ढालभूम, वीरभूम	गंगा नारायण सिंह	विलकिंग्सन
संथाल विद्रोह	1855	भागलपुर/संथाल परगना	सिद्धू-कान्हू	जनरल लॉयड
सफहोड आंदोलन	1870	–	लाला हेम्ब्रम	–
खरवार आंदोलन	1874	संथाल परगना	भागीरथ मांझी	–
मुंडा विद्रोह (उलगुलान)	1895-1900	खूंटी	बिरसा मुंडा	कमिश्नर फॉरवेस
ताना भगत आंदोलन	1914	गुमला	जत्रा भगत	–
हरिबाबा आंदोलन	1931	सिंहभूम	दुका हो	–

Chapter 12 : PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

CHAPTER 12

Parliamentary system

INTRODUCTION

Constitution makers adopted the Parliamentary system of government, both at the Union and State levels, based on ministerial responsibility to the popular house. In doing so, they preferred ‘responsibility of the executive’ prevalent in British system of government over the US system of ‘stability of the executive’..

COMPARISON BETWEEN PRESIDENTIAL AND PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

Parameters	Presidential	Parliamentary
Relationship between the Executive and Legislature	Separation of Powers	Fusion of Powers
Head of State/ Government	Same person (President)	Different Person Head of State – President Head of Government – PM
Term of office	Fixed (Predictable)	Less Predictable
Period of Executive Questioning	Irregular (Primarily responsible to the people)	Regular (Primarily responsible to the Parliament)
Coalition Government	Less Likely	More likely
Examples	USA, Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka	Britain, Japan, Canada, India

FEATURES OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT

Feature	Parliamentary system	Comparison with Presidential system
Nominal & Real Executives:	• Nominal – de jure executive – President • Real – de facto executive – PM • President – Head of State • Prime Minister – Head of Government	• US President: Head of State + Head of Government
Majority Party rule	• Political party which secures ‘majority seats’ in the Lok Sabha forms Govt. • Leader of Majority party is appointed as PM by President • Other Ministers are appointed by President on advice of PM. • Coalition – formed when no single party gets majority	• US President elected by an ‘electoral college’ with a ‘fixed tenure’ of four years.
Collective Responsibility	• Article 75: Ministers are ‘collectively responsible’ to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular. • Can be removed by passing a no–confidence motion.	• US President + secretaries are not responsible to the Congress. • The members of Cabinet are elected + appointed + removed by the – US President. • President cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment.
Political Homogeneity	• Usually council of ministers belong to the same political party i.e. they share the same political ideology. • In case of a coalition they are bound by consensus	• Cabinet: Non-elected advisory body.

Feature | Parliamentary system | Comparison with Presidential system

Feature	Parliamentary system	Comparison with Presidential system
Double Membership	• Ministers (i.e. council of Ministers) are members of both legislature and executive. • Minister who is not a member of the parliament for six consecutive months ceases to be a minister.	• Complete separation of power between legislature and executive • President + his secretaries are not members of Congress (US Parliament)
Leadership of the Prime Minister	• PM – leader of council of Ministers, Leader of the Parliament, Leader of the party in power.
Dissolution of the Lower house	• By the ‘President’ on ‘recommendation’ of the Prime Minister.	• President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives (Lower House of Congress)
Secrecy	• Ministers cannot divulge information which come to them during the course of duty in the house. (Oath of Secrecy)

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM

Merits of Parliamentary system

Demerits of Parliamentary system

• Harmony between legislature and executive: Executive → Part of Legislature → There is Interdependence + Cooperation b/w two organs → Less dispute and conflicts b/w legislature and executive. • Responsible Government: Ministers responsible to Parliament. Parliamentary tools to control executive – question hour, discussions, debates, adjournment motion, no confidence motion. • Prevents despotism: Dispersal of Authority – Executive power vested in the Council of Ministers (not one person). Executive responsibility to Parliament – can be removed no – confidence motion. • Ready alternative govt: Opposition provides ready alternative if ruling party loses majority. • Wide representation: All sections + regions are represented.

• Unstable Government: It can lose majority due to no confidence motion, political defection or breakdown coalition. • No Continuity in policies: Change in government brings change in policies. Uncertainty of tenure adversely impacts policy continuity and may result in policy paralysis. • Dictatorship of cabinet: In case of majority in the Parliament – Cabinet may becomes autocratic. • Govt by amateurs: Ministers – Lack expertise which leads to less administrative efficiency. Ministers only from Parliament PM cannot select outside experts.

In India, we adopted ‘Parliamentary system’ because of Familiarity with the system, Preference to more responsibility, to avoid legislative – executive conflict, and heterogeneous nature of Indian society.

COMPARISON OF INDIA AND BRITISH MODEL OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT

Comparison	Indian Parliamentary Government	British Parliamentary Government
Type	Republican system – Head of state is elected (President)	Monarchial system – Head of state is hereditary (King or Queen)
Parliament sovereignty	Does not exist – Parliament powers are restricted (constitution, judiciary etc.)	Parliament is ‘sovereign.’
Prime Minister	Can be a member of any house (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha)	PM has to belong to the lower house.
Ministers(CoM)	Individual who is not a member of either house can be appointed.	Members of Parliament alone are appointed as Ministers.
Legal Responsibility of Minister	Does not exist. No need to countersign the official acts of head of state.	Legal Responsibility of the Minister exists.
Shadow Cabinet	No	Yes
Name	Lower House (Lok Sabha) Upper House (Rajya Sabha)	Lower House (House of commons) Upper House (House of Lords)

Chapter 13 : FEDERAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 13

Federal System

INTRODUCTION

Indian constitution presents a remarkable blend of federal and unitary features. Under normal circumstances, States enjoy autonomy in their respective spheres of power. However, Union becomes all powerful during times of emergency. This is why Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said that , “Indian Constitution could be both unitary and federal according to the requirements of time and circumstances”.

COMPARISON BETWEEN UNITARY AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Comparison	Federal Government	Unitary Government
Government	Dual Government – National and Regional Government	Single Government – National Government – It will create Regional Government
Type of Constitution	Written constitution	May be written or Unwritten Written – France Unwritten – Britain
Division of Powers	Exists (b/w national and Regional Govt.)	No division of Powers (All power in hands of national govt)
Supremacy of the constitution	Yes – Constitution is Supreme	May be supreme (Japan) May not be Supreme (Britain)
Rigidity of Constitution	Yes – Constitution of Rigid	May be rigid (France) May be flexible (Britain)
Position of Judiciary	Independent Judiciary	May be Independent May not be Independent
Type of Legislature	Bicameral legislature	Both Bicameral (Britain) or Unicameral (China)

Formation of a Federation

A federation can be formed in 2 ways:

• By Integration: Number of States come together to form a Union
• Example: USA (United States of America)

• By disintegration – Unitary state is converted into a ‘federation’ by granting ‘autonomy’ to the provinces (to promote regional interest).
• Example – Canada (10 provinces) Formation – 1867

FEDERALISM IN INDIA

India has been described as a ‘quasi – federal’ state i.e.distribution of powers between the Centre and the States is not equal. India is a federation with a unitary bias and possesses a strong central machinery. Below we will study the provisions related to federalism in India.

Parameters | Related Details

Parameters	Related Details
Reasons for adoption	• Large Size of the Country: Federal system efficient governance in the country. • Socio – cultural diversity: Federal system reconcile national unity with regional diversity
Constitutional Provision	• Term ‘federation’ has ‘nowhere’ been used in the Constitution.
Article	• ‘Article 1’ of the constitution describes India as a ‘Union of States’.
Union of States (Implication)	• Indian federation is ‘not’ the result of an agreement among the states. • Indian states have ‘no’ right to secede from the federation.
Inspiration	• Based on the Canadian model – Formation by disintegration + Using term ‘union’ + Centralizing tendencies.

FEDERAL FEATURES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Federal features of the Indian constitution

Unitary features of the Indian constitution

• Dual Polity: Under the seventh schedule both centre and states have been given sovereign power in their respective spheres. • Written Constitution: Indian constitution is very lengthy. There are about 470 articles, 25 parts and 12 schedules in the constitution. • Division of Powers: The seventh schedule contains union list (100 items), state list (61 items) and concurrent list (52 items). In case of concurrent list both centre and state can make laws (however in case of conflict centre law prevails). The power in relation to residuary subjects lies with the centre. • Supremacy of the constitution: Enacted laws enacted must conform to the provisions of the constitution. • Rigidity of the constitution: For amendment of federal provisions in the constitution special majority of the Parliament and approval of half the state legislatures is needed. • Independent Judiciary: To protect supremacy of the Constitution + Settle disputes – Centre – states or between the states • Bicameralism – Lok Sabha – House of the People Rajya Sabha – Helps to maintain federal equilibrium by protecting interests of the States.

• Strong centre: Division of power at the centre → Union list has more number of items than the state list + More important subjects form part of the union list + Centre has overriding authority over states in case of concurrent list + Residuary power lies with the centre • Indian Federation is “an indestructible Union of destructible states”. Indian states have no territorial integrity + Parliament has unilateral power to change the area + boundaries + name of any state (by Simple majority). • Single constitution for both centre and States • Single citizenship • Less rigid nature of Indian constitution i.e. many portions of constitution can be amended by unilateral action • Emergency → Federal structure turns into a unitary one. • All-India Services: Exist for both centre and states. However, the ultimate control lies with the centre. • Integrated Audit Machinery – CAG of Indian audits the accounts of both centre and states but the power of appointment and removal lies with the President. • Parliament → empowered to legislate on any subject of the State List if Rajya Sabha passes a resolution • Governor is appointed by the President + Holds office during the Pleasure of the President + considered as Agent of the centre. • Integrated Election Machinery – CAG of Indian audits the accounts of both centre and states but the power of appointment and removal lies with the President. • Veto over State bills: Governor holds the discretion to reserve a bill passed by State legislature for the consideration of the President who holds absolute veto power over the bill.

Chapter 14 : CENTRAL STATE RELATIONSHIP

CHAPTER 14

Central State relationship

• Indian constitution is federal in structure
• Division of legislative, executive and financial powers between the Centre and the states exists.
• Exception – Judicial power (no division) – Integrated Judiciary in India

LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS

Territorial extent of Union and State Legislature

• Territory of India: States + UT’s + any other area included in the territory of India.
• Parliament → Power to make laws for part or whole of India.
• Laws of Parliament are applicable to Indian citizens and their property in ‘any part of the world’.
• State Legislature → Power to make laws for whole or part of the state.
• Extra – Territorial legislation: Power lies with Parliament.

Restrictions on territorial Jurisdiction of Indian Parliament

• Union Territories: President can make regulation for four Union Territories (not all). These include Andaman and Nicobar islands + Lakshadweep + Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu + Ladakh.
♦ President Regulation: Has the ‘same’ force and effect as an act of Parliament.
♦ Regulation can ‘repeal’ or ‘amend’ any act of Parliament → related to 4 UT’s given above.

• Scheduled Areas: Governor can direct that an act of Parliament ‘does not’ apply to a scheduled area or applies with certain changes. Similar power lies with Governor of Assam in relation to tribal Areas in Assam (Autonomous districts).

• Tribal areas: ‘President’ of India can direct that an act of Parliament ‘does not’ apply to a tribal area in the state of Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura (Autonomous districts) or applies with changes.

Distribution of Legislative subjects

Division in the 7th schedule

• Union List: Parliament holds exclusive power to make laws. Total – 100 Subjects
• State List: State legislature makes laws (In normal circumstances). Total – 61 subjects.
• Concurrent List: Both Centre + State can make laws. Total – 52 subjects.
• Residuary powers: Not mentioned in any list. Parliament has exclusive power to make any law.
• Dominance of list: Union List > State list, Union list > Concurrent list, Concurrent list > State list.
• Exception: State law reserved for the consideration of the president + received assent. State law prevails (in that state). Parliament can override this by making a new law.

Parliamentary legislation in state field

Article	Parliamentary legislation	Process	Other Facts	Status of laws made
Art. 249	If ‘Rajya Sabha’ resolution says it is necessary in the ‘national interest’	Resolution must be supported by 2/3rd of the members present and voting	Resolution remains in force for one year + can be renewed any number of times + Renewal not more than for a year. State Leg. can make laws	Parliament laws cease to be inforce 6 months after resolution expires. In case of inconsistency Parliamentary law prevails.

Article	Parliamentary legislation	Process	Other Facts	Status of laws made
Art. 250	During National emergency			Parliamentary laws remain inforce ‘6 months’ after expiry of emergency. In case of inconsistency Parliament law prevails.
Art. 252	States make a request	Two or more State Legislature pass a resolution.	Other state can adopt → by passing the resolution in their respective state legislature	Laws apply to ‘only’ to those states which passed the resolution + can be amended or repealed ‘only’ by the Parliament
Art 253	To implement an international treaty
Art. 356	President’s Rule is imposed		Impact only the state where President Rule is imposed	Laws continue to remain in operation even after the president’s rule. Can be repealed/altered/reenacted by the State Legislature

President’s Rule

• Parliament → Makes laws → For Matters in State List → only for States under President Rule.
• Status of laws → ‘continue’ to remain in operation even after President’s rule.
• Laws can be repealed/altered/reenacted by the State Legislature.

Centre control over state Legislature

• Reservation of certain bill by the Governor → President’s consideration → President holds ‘absolute veto’ over such bills.
• Mandatory to take prior sanction of the President to introduce certain Bills in state legislature on matters in the ‘State List’. For example; a bill imposing restrictions on the freedom of trade and commerce.
• Financial emergency → Centre can direct the states to reserve money bills + other financial bills for consideration of President.

ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS

• Constitutional provision: Article – 256 to 263 (Part XI)

Distribution of executive power

• Division of ‘Executive power’: Co – extensive with legislative powers.
• Centre Executive power: Union list, International Treaty/agreement
• State Executive power: State list + Concurrent list (Even if law is made by Parliament).
• Exception: Power is given to Centre by a constitutional provision/ parliamentary law.

State executive power

• Needs to comply with ‘parliamentary laws’ + not override ‘executive power’ of the centre.
• Centre can give directions to the States on exercising their executive power → State does not follow these directions → President rule can be imposed.
• The Executive power of the state extends to the following matters, if directed as such by Centre.

♦ Maintain Communication System (declared of national or International importance)
♦ Protection of Railways in the State
♦ Providing facility for instruction in mother tongue to ‘linguistic minorities’ till primary stage.
♦ Scheme for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in the state.

Mutual delegation of Executive Functions

• Article 258: President can request Governor for use of state machinery. State consent is mandatory.
• Article 258 A: Governor can request President for use of central executive machinery. Union consent is mandatory.
• Parliament by law can entrust executive power of the Centre to the States, without the consent of the state.

Cooperation between Centre and State

• Parliament can make a law for adjudication of Interstate River Dispute (Article 262).
• President can establish an Inter-State Council to investigate and discuss subject of common interest b/w Centre and States (Article 263).
• Full faith and Credit clause: States and Centre shall respect each other’s public acts, records and Judicial proceedings.
• Parliament can appoint authority to carry constitutional provisions relating to Inter state trade, commerce and intercourse.

All India services

• Art 312: Parliament can create new All India service on the Rajya Sabha resolution.
• Jointly controlled by Centre (ultimate control for example Centre can remove officials of All India Services) + States (Immediate control for example States have the power to suspend the officials).

Public Service commission

• State public service commission: Appointment → Governor, Removal → President
• ‘Parliament’ can create a Joint Public service commission (on request of 2 or more states).
• UPSC can ‘serve’ states → On request of Governor, President approval.
• UPSC can ‘assist’ states with regards to Joint recruitment (on request of 2 or more states).

Integrated Judicial system

• Single system of courts enforces both central and state laws.

Emergency

Types of Emergency	Provisions under Emergency
National Emergency (Art. 352)	Centre becomes entitled to give executive directions to a state on ‘any’ matter + State Government → not suspended but come under complete control of Centre.
President Rule (Art. 356)	President can vest in himself the executive powers of the state.
Financial Emergency (Art 360)	Centre can direct the states to observe canons of financial propriety.

Other Provisions

• Article 355: Duties of the Centre include 1) Protect every state against ‘external aggression’ + ‘internal disturbance’. Ensure that Government of every state is carried according to provisions of the Constitution.
• Governor: Appointed by President + Tenure (Pleasure of President) + Agent of the Centre’ in state
• State Election commission: Appointment: Governor + Removal: President

Extra constitutional devices

• NITI Aayog + National Integration Council + Zonal Councils + North-Eastern Council

FINANCIAL RELATIONS

• Constitutional articles: Article 268 – 293 (Part XII)

Allocation of Taxation powers

List	Taxation Power
Union list	Parliament (Total 13 + More remunerative)
State list	State Legislature (Total 18 + Less remunerative)
Concurrent list	No Tax legislation is present. Exception was made by the 101st amendment which provided a special provision for GST i.e. it gave concurrent power to Parliament and State legislature to make laws governing GST.
Residuary power	Union

Distribution of Tax Revenues

Two amendments had a major impact:

• 80th Amendment act 2000: Implemented the recommendations of the 10th finance commission. Corporate Tax and Customs duty had to be shared with the states.

• 101st amendment act: Good and Services Tax (GST) was implemented. Concurrent Taxing power to Parliament and State Legislatures to make laws for levying GST + ‘Replaced’ number of ‘Indirect taxes’ levied by both Union and States + Article 268 A – Dealing with ‘Service tax’ was deleted.

Present Situation with regards to distribution of Tax revenues –

Article	Levy	Collect	Assigned	Example
268	Centre	States	States	Stamp duties on bills of exchange, Promissory notes etc. (Not part of CFI)
269	Centre	Centre	States	Taxes on interstate trade and commerce. (Not part of the CFI)
269 A	Centre	Centre	Divided b/w centre and State	GST in course of Inter- State trade and commerce. Parliament → Determines Tax division b/w centre and State (GST council recommends), Principles of supply during Inter state trade.
270	Centre	Centre	Divided b/w Centre and States	All taxes in the Union list – Exception – (Taxes under Article 268,269, 269 A, Surcharge on taxes under 271 Cess for specific purpose) . Distribution as prescribed by President (Finance commission recommends)
271	Centre	Centre	Centre	Surcharges on taxes under 269 and 270. Exemption – Remember, GST is exempted from surcharge.
State	State	State	State	Taxes belonging to state only – (Total 18) Example – Land Revenue, agricultural income, Professional Tax, Professional Tax

Distribution of Non-Tax Revenue

• Non-Tax Revenue: It refers to the money government earns through non taxation sources.

♦ Major sources for Centre: Posts and telegraphs, railways, banking, broadcasting, coinage and currency, central public sector enterprises, escheat and lapse etc.

♦ Major sources for State: Irrigation, forests, fisheries, state public sector enterprises, escheat and lapse etc.

Grant – in – Aids to States

• Grant- in- Aid – simply means ‘money’ given by Centre to States in form of assistance.

• Types of Grants – 1) Statutory 2) Discretionary 3) Other Grants

Statutory Grants (Article 275) | Discretionary Grants (Article 282) | Other Grants

Statutory Grants (Article 275)	Discretionary Grants (Article 282)	Other Grants
• ‘Parliament’ to make grants to the state which need financial assistance (not every state). • 2 types – General and Specific purpose (To improve Tribals). • ‘Charged’ on the ‘consolidated fund of India. • Given on the recommendation of ‘Finance commission of India’.	• Empowers both Centre and the states to make any grants for any public purpose. • Under this Union allocates grants to the state according to its discretion	• Grants for a temporary period. • Charged on ‘consolidated fund of India’ on the recommendation of ‘finance commission’. • Example – Temporary grants in lieu of export of Jute and Jute based products to Assam, Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa

Protection of State Interest (financial matters)

• Following bills require Prior recommendation of the President to be introduced:

♦ Bills which deal with → 1) Tax or duty in which state are interested + 2) Change the meaning of expression ‘agricultural income’ + 3) Impact principles of allocation of money to the States + 4) Impose surcharge/tax/duty for the purpose of the Centre.

Borrowing by Centre and the States

• Centre can borrow within India + outside India.
• States can borrow within territory of India. (Limits – Set by State legislature).
• Centre can give loans/guarantee for loans raised by the State. (charged on CFI).
• Article 293(3): State needs to take ‘prior permission’ of the Centre to borrow if they have outstanding liabilities to the Centre.

Inter – Governmental Tax immunity

• Centre cannot tax state property and vice versa.
• Exceptions – (where immunity does not apply):

♦ Corporations or companies of state and central Government.
♦ Property and Income of local authority.
♦ Custom duties can be imposed on good/services of the state.
♦ Excise duty can be imposed on good of the state.

IMPORTANT COMMITTEES ON CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS

By Centre	By States
Administrative Reforms commission	Rajamannar committee (1969) – TN
Sarkaria commission (1983)	Anandpur Sahib Resolution (1973)
Punchhi commission (2007)	West Bengal memorandum (1977)

Chapter 15 : INTER STATE RELATIONS

CHAPTER 15

Inter State Relations

The Constitution makes the following provisions with regard to inter-state comity:

• Adjudication of inter-state water disputes.
• Coordination through inter-state councils.
• Mutual recognition of public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
• Freedom of inter-state trade, commerce and intercourse.

INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES

Article 262 makes two provisions:

• Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or complaint related to any inter-state river and river valley.

• Parliament may provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court is to exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint.

Two laws enacted by Parliament

• The River Boards Act (1956)
♦ For Establishment of river boards by the Central government
♦ On the request of the state governments concerned
♦ To advise them for the regulation and development of inter-state river and river valleys

• The Inter-State Water Disputes Act (1956)
♦ Empowers the Central government to set up an ad hoc tribunal
♦ For the adjudication of a dispute between two or more states in relation to the waters of an inter-state river or river valley.
♦ Decision of the tribunal would be final and binding.
♦ Neither the Supreme Court nor any other court is to have jurisdiction in respect of any water dispute which may be referred to such a tribunal under this Act.

Inter-State Water Dispute Tribunals Set-up So Far

S.No.	Name	Year of Set-up	States Involved
1	Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal-I	1969	Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
2	Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal	1969	Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha
3	Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal	1969	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
4	Ravi and Beas Water Disputes Tribunal	1986	Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
5	Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal	1990	Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
6	Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal-II	2004	Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
7	Vansadhara Water Disputes Tribunal	2010	Odisha and Andhra Pradesh
8	Mahadayi Water Disputes Tribunal	2010	Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra
9	Mahanadi Water Disputes Tribunal	2018	Odisha and Chhattisgarh

INTER-STATE COUNCILS

• Article 263: Establishment of an Inter-State Council
• President can establish such a council
♦ If & when it appears to him that the public interest would be served.
♦ It can define the nature of duties, organisation and procedure of council

Duties of Inter-State Council under Article 263

• Enquiring into and advising upon disputes which may arise between states;
• Investigating and discussing subjects in which the states or the Centre and the states have a common interest; and
• Making recommendations for the better coordination of policy and action on it.

Councils made By President under Article 263

• Central Council of Health and Family Welfare.
• Central Council of Local Government
• Four Regional Councils for Sales Tax for the Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern Zones.

Establishment of Inter-State Council

• Sarkaria Commission recommended the establishment of a permanent Intergovernmental Council under Art 263.
• V. P. Singh led Janata Dal established the Inter-State Council in 1990.

Members:

• Prime minister (Chairman)
• Chief ministers of all the states
• Chief ministers/Administrators of union territories
• Governors of States under President’s rule
• Home Minister + 5 more Central cabinet ministers nominated by the PM.
• Five Ministers of Cabinet rank / Minister of State (independent charge) nominated by PM (permanent invitees to the Council)

Functions:

• Recommendatory body on issues relating to interstate, Centre-state and Centre-union territories relations.
• May meet at least thrice in a year. Only 11 meetings have been held till date.
• Meetings are held in camera
• All questions are decided by consensus.

Standing Committee of the Council.

• Set up in 1996 for continuous consultation and processing of matters for the consideration of the Council.

• Members
♦ Union Home Minister (Chairman)
♦ Five Union Cabinet Ministers
♦ Nine Chief Ministers

• Assisted by a secretariat called the Inter-State Council Secretariat.
♦ Secretariat was set-up in 1991
♦ Headed by a secretary to the Government of India.
♦ Since 2011, it has also been functioning as the secretariat of the Zonal Councils.

PUBLIC ACTS, RECORDS AND JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS

• Under the Constitution, the jurisdiction of each state is confined to its own territory. Hence, it is possible that the acts and records of one state may not be recognised in another state. To remove any such difficulty, the Constitution contains the “Full Faith and Credit” clause which lays down the following:

• Full faith and credit is to be given throughout the territory of India to public acts, records and judicial proceedings of the Centre and every state.
• “Public Acts” = Legislative + Executive Acts of the government.
• “Public Record” = Any official book + Register/record made by a public servant in the discharge of his official duties is subject to the power of Parliament.
• Final judgements and orders of civil courts in any part of India are capable of execution anywhere within India.
• Rule applies only to civil judgements and not to criminal judgements.

INTER-STATE TRADE AND COMMERCE

• Articles 301 to 307 in Part XIII of the Constitution deal with the trade, commerce and intercourse within the territory of India.

• Article 301: Trade, commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free.
♦ Objective: To break down the border barriers between the states and encourage the free flow of trade, commerce and intercourse in the country.
♦ Provision is not only confined to the interstate but also extends to intra-state trade, commerce and intercourse.

• Restrictions to Article 301
♦ Article 302: Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse
♦ Article 303: Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the states with regard to trade and commerce
♦ Article 304: Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among states
♦ Article305: Saving of existing laws and laws providing for state monopolies
♦ Article 307: Parliament can appoint an authority for carrying out the purposes of Articles 301 to 304.
♦ No such authority has been appointed so far.

ZONAL COUNCIL

• Statutory Body
• Established by States Reorganisation Act of 1956.
♦ Act provided five zonal councils Northern, Central, Eastern, Western and Southern.

Factors taken into account while forming these zones

Natural divisions of the country,
River systems and means of communication,
Cultural and linguistic affinity and
Requirements of economic development, security and law and order.

Members of Each Zonal Council

Home minister of the Central government (Common chairman of the five zonal councils)
Chief ministers of all the States in the zone. (Rotation of CMs as a vice-chairman of the council, Tenure one year at a time)
Two other ministers from each state in the zone.
Administrator of each union territory in the zone.

Advisors of zonal council (Optional, No right to vote in the meetings):

A person nominated by the Planning Commission;
Chief secretary of the government of each state in the zone; and
Development commissioner of each state in the zone.

The objectives of the zonal councils:

• Achieve emotional integration of the country & help in arresting the growth of separatist trends on the basis of state, language etc.

• To help in removing the after-effects of separation & promote the process of reorganisation, integration and economic advancement.

• To enable the cooperation between Centre and states in social and economic matters, help in evolving uniform policies and speedy execution of major development projects.

• To secure political equilibrium between different regions of the country.

Zonal Councils

S.No.	Name	Members	Headquarters
1	Northern Zonal Council	Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh	New Delhi
2	Central Zonal Council	Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh	Allahabad
3	Eastern Zonal Council	Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha	Kolkata
4	Western Zonal Council	Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu	Mumbai
5	Southern Zonal Council	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry	Chennai

North-Eastern Council

• Created by the North-Eastern Council Act of 1971.
• Members: Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Tripura and Sikkim.
• Special responsibilities to make a regional plan and maintenance of security and Public order in the region.
• Rest of the functions are similar to those of the zonal councils.

Chapter 16 : Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949

Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949

The Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949 is an important and historic law that protects land rights in the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand. The Santhal Rebellion (Hul) of 1855, led by Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand, and Bhairav, made the British government realize that peace in this region was not possible without protecting the land and traditions of the tribal people. As a result, certain rules were framed in 1876, which were later expanded and strengthened. In November 1949, these were implemented as the Santhal Pargana Tenancy (Supplementary Provisions) Act.

This Act is applicable in six districts of the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand (Dumka, Deoghar, Godda, Pakur, Sahibganj, and Jamtara). The Act consists of a total of 9 chapters and 72 sections. Its protection and proper implementation can pave the way for the overall development of this region.

Summary of Important Chapters and Sections under the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949

Chapter	Sections	No of Sec.	Subject Matter
1	1 to 4	4	Preliminary
2	5 to 11	7	Village Head and Original Raiyat
3	12 to 26	15	Raiyat
4	27 to 42	16	Settlement of Waste Land and Vacant Holdings
5	43 to 52	10	Rent
6	53	1	Acquisition of Land by Landlord
7	54 to 63	10	Judicial Procedure
8	64 to 66	3	Limitation
9	67 to 72	6	Miscellaneous Provisions

Important Sections under the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949

Section 02: Power to Withdraw or Extend the Operation of the Act

• Withdrawal of the Act: The State Government may, by issuing an official notification, withdraw the entire Act or any specific part of it from any area or a particular part of the Santhal Pargana region.

• Re-implementation: If the government has withdrawn this law from any area, it also has the authority to reapply it in that area in the future through a notification.

Section 04: Definitions

• Landlord/Zamindar: A person to whom rent is paid by a raiyat. This may also include the government.

• Village Head (Gram Pradhan): A person appointed for village administration, collection of rent, and other administrative functions. In local language, this may also be called Manjhi or Mundari.

• Khas Village: A village where there is no village head or original raiyat.

• Non-Khas Village: A village where a village head or original raiyat exists.

• Vacant/Abandoned Holding: Land that has no legal heir or cultivator (raiyat), i.e., when a raiyat dies without any successor.

Section 05: Appointment of Village Head

The Deputy Commissioner shall appoint the village head with the consent of at least two-thirds of the jamabandi raiyats of the village.

1. What is Jamabandi?

👉 Jamabandi = official land record register

It contains details like:
- Name of the cultivator
- Land owned/held
- Revenue to be paid
- Rights over land

👉 Think of it as a government record of who is cultivating which land.

2. What are Raiyats?

👉 As discussed:

Raiyat = cultivator (farmer)

3. So, what are Jamabandi Raiyats?

Jamabandi Raiyats = Those cultivators whose names are officially recorded in land revenue records (Jamabandi).

Section 09: Prohibition on Transfer of the Post of Village Head

A village head has no authority to transfer his position in any manner. He can neither sell his post, nor donate it, nor transfer it to another person through any kind of agreement.

Section 10: Legal Protection of the Labor and Rights of Original Raiyats and Their Co-Raiyats

The following categories of land shall be considered as “non-transferable raiyati holdings”:

✓ Reclaimed Waste Land: If an original raiyat or his co-raiyat has, through hard labor, made barren land cultivable, such land becomes his personal raiyati holding.

✓ Occupied Fallow Land: Any fallow land that is already under the lawful possession or control of the original raiyat or co-raiyat.

✓ Legal Status: Such lands shall enjoy the same legal protection as ordinary raiyati holdings, meaning they cannot be sold or transferred.

Section 12: Classes of Raiyats

Resident Jamabandi Raiyat: Those raiyats who reside in the village where their land is located. Their names are recorded in the village Jamabandi.
Non-Resident Jamabandi Raiyat: Those raiyats whose names are recorded in the village Jamabandi but who do not reside in that particular village.
New Raiyat (Navmool Raiyat): Persons who have recently been recorded as raiyats or who have received new settlements of waste land or vacant holdings.

Section 14: Protection Against Eviction of Raiyats

No raiyat shall be evicted from his holding by the landowner without the order of the Deputy Commissioner.

Section 15: Rights of Raiyats

A raiyat has the right to make bricks or tiles from his holding for personal use without paying any fee.

Section 17: Rights of Raiyats Regarding Trees on Their Land

Right to Plant Trees: A raiyat may plant any type of trees, bamboo, or shrubs on his holding.
Permission to Cut Trees: The raiyat must obtain permission from the Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) to cut trees standing on the holding.
Right Over Produce: The raiyat has full rights over the fruits, flowers, and other produce of the trees on the land.
Lac and Sericulture: The raiyat has full rights to cultivate lac or rear silkworms on trees on his land without paying any additional fee to the landowner.

Section 18: Rights of Raiyats Regarding Construction

A raiyat may construct a kutcha (temporary) or pucca (permanent) house on his holding for his own residence or that of his family.

Section 19: Partition of Holding and Distribution of Rent

Partition of Holding: A raiyati holding may be divided, but the written consent of the landowner is required.
Distribution of Rent: When land is divided, the rent is also divided proportionately.
Minimum Rent Condition: After division, the annual rent of any portion should not be less than 3 rupees. If it falls below 3 rupees, such partition will not be recognized.
In Case of Dispute: If the landowner does not agree to the partition or distribution of rent, the raiyat may apply to the Deputy Commissioner.

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Section 20: Restriction on Transfer of Raiyati Rights

Complete Prohibition on Transfer: No raiyat can transfer his land to another person by sale, gift, mortgage, lease, or in any other manner.
Prohibition on Court-Ordered Sale: Raiyati land cannot be auctioned or sold even through a court decree.
Inheritance: After the death of a father, the land automatically passes to his legal heirs (sons/daughters), which is not considered a transfer.
Gift: A raiyat may gift a part of his land to his sister or daughter (if they are residents of Santhal Pargana), subject to certain legal conditions.

Section 21: Rights of Non-Tribal Raiyats to Transfer

Permission to Transfer: If a raiyat is non-tribal, he may transfer his holding (land), but only if such a right is clearly granted in the Record of Rights of his area.
Modes of Transfer: Such transfer may take place through sale, gift, will, or exchange.
Condition of Registration: Any transfer under this section will not be considered valid unless it is carried out according to prescribed rules.
Intimation to Landowner: After the transfer, the new buyer or recipient must inform the landowner and pay the prescribed registration fee.

Section 22: Right of Raiyats to Temporarily Entrust Their Land to Another Person in Special Circumstances

Circumstances:

✓ If the raiyat is temporarily absent from the village

✓ If the raiyat is ill or physically incapable

✓ If the raiyat is a minor or a widow

✓ If the raiyat is unable to cultivate due to any other valid reason

Trust Arrangement: A raiyat may entrust his land to a reliable person in the form of a trust. This is not a permanent transfer or sale, but only a transfer of management rights for cultivation.
Mandatory Intimation: If a raiyat entrusts his land in this manner, he must inform the village head, original raiyat or landowner, and the Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) in writing.
Right of Repossession: As soon as the raiyat returns or becomes capable, he can reclaim his land. The trustee (the person entrusted with the land) cannot claim ownership rights over it.
10-Year Period: If a raiyat remains absent from the village for 10 consecutive years, does not cultivate the land himself, and does not return to manage it, then after 10 years the land is considered abandoned.

Section 23: Permission for Mutual Exchange of Land Among Raiyats

Land can be exchanged between raiyats with the full consent of both parties, as farmers often have fields scattered in different places, making cultivation difficult.
Conditions for Exchange:

✓ Equal Value and Area: The lands to be exchanged should be approximately equal in value and area.

✓ Same or Nearby Village: Exchange can take place only between raiyats of the same village or nearby villages.

✓ Permission of Deputy Commissioner: No exchange will be legally valid without the written approval of the Deputy Commissioner.

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Section 29: Validity of Settlement of Holdings

No original raiyat or village head shall settle any waste land or vacant holding with himself or with any original raiyat without the permission of the Deputy Commissioner.

Section 30: Restriction on Subdivision of Vacant Holdings

No vacant holding can be divided for the purpose of settlement unless the following two conditions are fulfilled:

✓ Consent of the Landowner: Written consent of the landowner is mandatory.

✓ Approval of the Deputy Commissioner: Prior permission or approval of the Deputy Commissioner is required.

Section 33: Cancellation of Settlement of Waste Land and Vacant Holdings

If any raiyat is allotted waste land or a vacant holding for cultivation and fails to start cultivation within 5 years, the settlement may be cancelled.

Section 34: Reservation of Waste Land for Jaher Than, Cremation Ground, or Burial Ground

A suitable portion of waste land may be set aside for Jaher Than (sacred grove), cremation ground, or burial ground based on the opinion of the village head, original raiyat, or the Deputy Commissioner.

Section 37: Grazing Rights of Raiyats

All raiyats of a village shall have the right to graze their cattle on recorded pasture land or land reserved for forest growth within the village.

Section 38: Sanctity and Restrictions on the Use of Pasture Land

If any land is recorded in official records as pasture or grazing land:

✓ It shall be used exclusively for grazing purposes.

✓ It cannot be settled in the name of any individual.

✓ It cannot be used for cultivation or any other purpose (such as building houses or shops).

If the pasture area in a village falls below 5% of the total village area, the law empowers the Deputy Commissioner to, in consultation with the landlord, village head/original raiyat, and the raiyats of the village, earmark a suitable portion of available waste land and declare it as pasture land.

Section 42: Special Power of the Deputy Commissioner to Evict from Illegal Possession

The Deputy Commissioner may, either on his own initiative or upon receiving an application, evict any person who has encroached upon agricultural land under the provisions of this Act.

Section 52: Prohibition on Excess Collection or Illegal Demands

If a landowner or his agent collects anything in excess of the prescribed rent from a raiyat, village head, or original raiyat, he shall be liable for punishment.

Section 53: Acquisition of Land by Landowner for Special Purposes

If a landowner of a village wishes to acquire a part of his holding for purposes such as construction of buildings, religious or educational activities, mining, irrigation, or implementation of government national policies, he may apply to the Deputy Commissioner for permission.

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Section 54: Power of the State Government to Make Rules

If any procedure is not provided for under this Act, the State Government may frame rules regarding it.

Section 56: Regulation of the Process of Eviction

According to this section, no raiyat (farmer) can be evicted from his holding unless there is a formal order issued by the Deputy Commissioner or a competent revenue court.

No landowner or village head can evict a raiyat on their own authority, even if the raiyat has failed to pay rent or violated any rule.

Section 57: Appeal

An appeal against an order of a judicial officer or commissioner must be filed within 90 days from the date of the order.

Section 60: Review

The Commissioner may, for sufficient reasons to be recorded in writing, review any order passed by himself or his predecessor in the exercise of powers conferred under this Act.

Section 63: Bar on Suits

No court shall entertain any suit to modify or set aside any order passed by the Deputy Commissioner.

Section 65: Limitation for Eviction Suits

If a raiyat has been wrongfully evicted from his holding, he must apply to the Sub-Divisional Officer within 2 years to regain possession of his land.

Section 67: Recovery of Dues / Land Revenue

This section provides that any fine shall be recovered in the same manner as arrears of rent. This means that if a person fails to pay the fine, the administration can take strict action similar to that taken for non-payment of land revenue.

Proposed Amendment in the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act, 1949 (Year 2016)

Amendment in Section 13

Under Section 13, if the nature of the land was agricultural, the raiyat could not use it for any purpose other than agriculture. However, after the proposed amendment, agricultural land can also be used for purposes such as construction of shops, houses, or other commercial activities.

Important Terms

What is Raiyat?

👉 A raiyat is simply a farmer who cultivates land.

Think of a raiyat as the person who actually works in the field.
He may or may not own the land.

Super Simple Example

Imagine a village:

Person A owns land (landlord/zamindar)
Person B works on that land and grows crops

👉 Person B = Raiyat

Two Possible Situations

1. Raiyat as Owner (Best case)

The farmer owns the land
Pays tax directly to the government

👉 This happened in the Raiyatwari system (introduced by Thomas Munro)

2. Raiyat as Tenant (Common case)

The farmer does NOT own the land
Pays rent to landlord (zamindar)

👉 This happened in the Zamindari system

One-Line Definition (for exams)

Raiyat = A cultivator (farmer) who tills the land, either as an owner or as a tenant.

Easy Trick to Remember

👉 Raiyat = “Right person in the field” (the one actually farming)

Raiyat एक किसान (noun) है|

यदि वो land own करता है तो tax system – Raiyatwari

यदि वो land own नहीं करता है तो tax system – Zamindari

Final Clarity

Raiyat ≠ landlord
Raiyat ≠ government
Raiyat = actual farmer

Thus,

A raiyat (also spelled ryot) refers to a peasant cultivator or tenant farmer who works on agricultural land.

The word originates from Arabic “ra‘iyyah”, meaning “subject” or “cultivated landholder.”(यह शब्द अरबी शब्द “राइय्याह” से आया है, जिसका अर्थ है “प्रजा” या “खेती करने वाला भूमिधारक”।)
In India, it commonly referred to actual tillers of the soil.

Raiyat in Different Land Revenue Systems

1. Raiyatwari System

Under the Raiyatwari system (introduced by Thomas Munro):

The raiyat was recognized as the owner of the land.
Revenue was directly collected from the cultivator by the British government.
No intermediaries like zamindars existed.
The raiyat had rights to sell, transfer, or mortgage land (subject to revenue payment).

👉 Practiced mainly in: Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam.

2. In Zamindari System

Here, the raiyat was a tenant, not the owner.
Land was controlled by zamindars (landlords).
Raiyats paid rent to zamindars, often facing exploitation.

👉 Practiced mainly in: Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh.

Key Features of Raiyat

Directly involved in cultivation
Could be:
- Owner-cultivator (in Raiyatwari)
- Tenant (in Zamindari)
Formed the backbone of the agrarian economy
Often burdened by high taxes and debts

Important Distinction

Aspect	Raiyatwari System	Zamindari System
Status of Raiyat	Landowner	Tenant
Revenue Paid To	Government	Zamindar
Exploitation	Less (comparatively)	High

Conclusion

The concept of raiyat highlights the role of the common cultivator in India’s agrarian structure, whose position varied significantly depending on the land revenue system. Understanding this term is crucial for topics like colonial economy, land reforms, and rural society in India.

comparison: Raiyat vs Zamindar vs Mahalwari

1. Raiyatwari System (Madras/Bombay)

Introduced by Thomas Munro
Raiyat (farmer) = owner of land
Revenue paid directly to government
No middlemen

👉 Key idea: Direct relationship between farmer and state

2. Zamindari System (Permanent Settlement)

Introduced by Lord Cornwallis under the Permanent Settlement of 1793
Zamindar = owner of land
Raiyat = tenant
Revenue paid to government through zamindar

👉 Key idea: Intermediary (zamindar) controls everything

3. Mahalwari System (North-Western India)

Introduced by Holt Mackenzie and later modified by Robert Merttins Bird
Land owned by village community (mahal)
Revenue collected from entire village

👉 Key idea: Joint responsibility of village

Feature	Raiyatwari	Zamindari	Mahalwari
Land Ownership	Raiyat (farmer)	Zamindar (landlord)	Village community
Who Pays Revenue	Farmer directly	Zamindar pays govt	Village collectively
Role of Raiyat	Owner-cultivator	Tenant	Co-owner/participant
Intermediaries	None	Present (zamindar)	Limited (village headman)
Regions	Madras, Bombay	Bengal, Bihar, UP	Punjab, NW Provinces
Exploitation Level	Moderate	Very high	Moderate
Revenue Fixation	Periodic revision	Fixed permanently	Periodic revision

5. One-Line Conceptual Difference (Very Useful)

Raiyatwari → Individual system (farmer-based)
Zamindari → Landlord system (intermediary-based)
Mahalwari → Village system (community-based)

6. Memory Trick (Quick Recall)

👉 “R-Z-M = Farmer–Landlord–Village”

R → Raiyat (farmer owns)
Z → Zamindar (landlord owns)
M → Mahal (village owns)

7. Analytical Insight (Mains Value)

Zamindari led to maximum exploitation and absentee landlordism
Raiyatwari gave ownership but high revenue burden
Mahalwari tried a balanced approach but still failed due to heavy taxation

Chapter 17 : Jharkhand: Policy Framework and Implementation

17.1. Jharkhand: Policy Framework and Implementation

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Jharkhand: Policy Framework and Implementation

Since its formation, Jharkhand has been striving to establish its distinct identity. Considering the state’s geographical position and abundant resources, the government has, from time to time, formulated policies that not only accelerate industrial development but also safeguard the interests of tribal communities, farmers, and youth.

Jharkhand’s policies provide a blueprint to give a new direction to the state. The government has introduced several important policies to make the state a leader in industrial investment, tourism, agriculture, and social justice. The focus of these policies is not only on promoting large industries but also on strengthening the rural economy and ensuring that benefits reach the last person.

The state’s policies are highly ambitious and welfare-oriented, but their success entirely depends on their effective implementation.

Major Policies

Major Policies	Year	Objective
First Industrial Policy	2001	Target of 10% industrial growth rate
Second Industrial Policy	2012	Emphasis on establishing linkage between large industries and MSMEs
Industrial Investment and Promotion Policy	2016	Single-window system for industrial approvals
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy	2008	Address challenges of displacement due to industrialization
Comprehensive Rehabilitation Policy	2009	Address left-wing extremism issues
New Policy for Surrender and Rehabilitation of Left-Wing Extremists	2015	Effective amendment to the 2009 policy
Locality Policy	2016	Protect employment interests of locals (residents of Jharkhand for over 30 years)
Jharkhand Enterprise Policy	2014	Simplify procurement system and ensure maximum value to the public
Jharkhand Food Processing Industry Policy	2015	Promote food processing industries
Solar Energy Policy	2015	Reduce dependence on fossil fuels

Other Major Policies

Policy	Year	Objective
Jharkhand Industrial Park Policy	2015	Development of infrastructure and markets for goods and services
Jharkhand Export Policy	2015	Promote exports and support exporting industries
Jharkhand Export Policy	2023	Increase share to 5% of total Indian exports by 2028
Jharkhand Film Policy	2015	Promote film industry and honor folk artists
Jharkhand Start-up Policy	2016	Provide employment to youth and boost investment
Jharkhand Start-up Policy	2021	₹15,000 stipend support for startups
Jharkhand Start-up Policy	2023	Establish at least 1000 companies by 2028
Jharkhand BPO/IT Policy	2016	Promote employment and IT in governance
Jharkhand Liquor Policy	2016	Government decision to sell liquor from April 1, 2017
Right to Service Act	2011	Provide government services within a fixed time frame
Jharkhand Industrial Investment and Promotion Policy	2021	Focus on “Ease of Living” instead of only “Ease of Doing Business”

Page No.: 236

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(Table)

Policy/Act	Year	Objective
Jharkhand IT, Data Center and BPO Investment Promotion Policy	2021	–
Jharkhand Industrial Park and Logistic Policy	2022	₹15,000 stipend support for startups by the government
Jharkhand Tourism Policy	2022	Special packages to investors on a first-come, first-served basis
Jharkhand Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy	2022	Subsidy provided by the state government on purchase of electric vehicles
Jharkhand Ethanol Production Promotion Policy	2022	Up to 25% subsidy on investment in the ethanol industry
MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) Promotion Policy	2023	Support for modernization and technological upgradation
Jharkhand Competitive Examination (Prevention and Control of Unfair Means in Recruitment) Bill	2023	To prevent cheating in competitive examinations
Jharkhand Food and Feed Processing Industry Policy	2024	To generate at least 20,000 direct jobs and attract ₹1500 crore investment by 2028
Jharkhand Reservation in Vacancies in Posts and Services (Amendment) Act	2023–25	5% reservation in Class III and IV government jobs for dependents of Jharkhand movement activists
Jharkhand Prison and Correctional Services Act	2025	Ensure humane treatment of prisoners and provide education and vocational training
Jharkhand Professional Educational Institutions (Fee Regulation) Act	2025	Uniform fee structure in all higher educational institutions offering professional courses
Factories (Jharkhand) Amendment Bill	2025	Increase overtime from 75 hours to 125 hours in three months for factory workers

(Bullet List)

Jharkhand Water Policy : 2011
Municipal Act : 2011
Jharkhand Energy Policy : 2012
Jharkhand Land Acquisition Rights Rules : 2015
Jharkhand Tourism Policy : 2015
Jharkhand Single Window Clearance Act : 2015
Jharkhand Automobile and Auto Component Policy : 2015
Jharkhand Industrial Policy : 2015
Jharkhand State Solar Energy Policy : 2015
Jharkhand Rental Housing Policy : 2016
Jharkhand IT and ITES Policy : 2016
Jharkhand Electronics Design and Manufacturing Policy : 2016
Jharkhand Textile, Apparel and Footwear Policy : 2016
Jharkhand Pharmaceutical Policy : 2021
Jharkhand IT Data Center and BPO Promotion Policy : 2023

Page No.: 237

17.2. Jharkhand Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy

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Jharkhand Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy

In Jharkhand, a large amount of land is acquired for the construction of industrial factories, dams, and mining projects. As a result, a large number of people, especially tribal communities and Sadan, are displaced from their land and livelihoods. This policy has been formulated to protect the interests of the displaced persons and ensure their proper rehabilitation. It is an effort to maintain a balance between development and human rights.

On 25 July 2008, the Jharkhand Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy was published in the state budget.

Laws under the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2008
Return and Rehabilitation Policy, 2009
Jharkhand Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement – Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency Rules, 2015

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2008

This policy consists of a total of 9 chapters. Its main provisions are as follows:

Objectives of the Policy

Minimum or least possible displacement
Adequate rehabilitation package and improved standard of living for affected families
Protection of the rights of weaker sections of society
Ensuring cooperation from families affected by displacement due to land acquisition

Important Definitions

Agricultural Labourer: A person who, before the declaration of the affected area, has been residing and earning a livelihood through physical labor on land for at least 30 years in scheduled areas and 15 years in non-scheduled areas.
Agricultural Land: Land used for agriculture, horticulture, dairy farming, poultry, fisheries, sericulture, etc.
Gram Sabha: As defined under the Jharkhand Panchayati Raj Act, 2001.
Land Acquisition: Land acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 or any other law of the State Government.
Family: A person, his/her spouse, unmarried sons and daughters, and unmarried brothers and sisters.
Nuclear Family: A person, his/her spouse, and minor children.
Occupant: A member of Scheduled Tribes or other forest-dwelling communities who has been in possession of forest land before 13 December 2005.

Major Administrative Steps under the Policy (Sequentially)

Before starting a project, a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) of the affected areas must be conducted, which should be completed within 30 days through public hearings.
Within 15 days of approval of the Social Impact Assessment, the area to be affected shall be officially declared as an affected area.
The declaration must be published in daily newspapers in at least three languages (including at least two in Hindi) that are prevalent in the region.
Within 60 days from the date of declaration, a survey and enumeration shall be conducted to identify affected persons and families.
The findings of the survey shall be published within 7 days of its completion (by order of the administrator).

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Objections and suggestions received in this regard shall be considered up to 15 days from the date of publication.
The Administrator shall submit his recommendations along with the survey details to the State Government within the next 15 days.
A copy of the survey details shall be provided by the Administrator to the concerned Gram Sabha and Panchayat for public information.
Within 30 days from the date of receiving the details, the State Government shall publish it in the Official Gazette.
Within 15 days of publication in the Gazette, the Commissioner shall declare the resettlement area for the affected families.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Benefits for Affected Families

For each nuclear family that owned a house:
- Rural area: 10 decimals of land
- Urban area: 5 decimals of land
A permanent (pucca) house shall be provided by the acquiring body at the allotted site.
The house shall include:
- Two bedrooms
- One drawing room
- One kitchen
- One toilet
If a person does not wish to take a house in the resettlement area, a one-time financial assistance of ₹3,00,000 shall be provided.
For families below the poverty line who do not wish to take a house, a one-time financial assistance of ₹2,00,000 shall be provided.
The allotted land or house shall be in the joint name of husband and wife of the affected family.
If the family owns livestock, ₹35,000 shall be provided for the construction of a cattle shed.
If a person had a permanent shop or kiosk and was displaced, ₹50,000 shall be provided for shop construction.

Monitoring and Grievance Redressal Mechanism

At the state level, a Rehabilitation and Resettlement Council shall be constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister, with at least two meetings held annually.
A three-tier tribunal system shall be established by the State Government to ensure timely disposal of grievances arising under the policy.

Return and Rehabilitation Policy, 2009

This policy was introduced to encourage the surrender of left-wing extremists. Under this policy, surrendered extremists are integrated into the mainstream of society and provided with alternative employment opportunities and financial assistance.

Rehabilitation Package

Rehabilitation Grant: ₹2,50,000
- ₹50,000 immediately after surrender
- Remaining ₹2,00,000 in two installments:
  - First installment after 1 year
  - Second installment after 2 years (after review of activities)
Monthly stipend: ₹3,000 for 1 year along with vocational training arranged by the rehabilitation committee
Land allocation: 4 decimals of land for house construction
House construction assistance: Up to ₹50,000
Education: Free education up to matriculation for the surrendered extremist and his/her children in government schools
Marriage assistance: Financial aid for marriage of women extremists and daughters of extremists under government schemes
Life insurance: ₹5,00,000 life insurance coverage provided by the State Government
Death compensation: ₹1,00,000 grant and a government job to one suitable dependent in case the surrendered extremist is killed during surrender

New Policy for Surrender and Rehabilitation of Extremists, 2015

Objective: To make the surrender and rehabilitation policy more attractive
Extremists are classified into Category A and Category B

Category A (Zonal Commander and above level extremists)
- Rehabilitation grant: ₹5,00,000
- ₹1,00,000 immediate payment
- Remaining ₹4,00,000 in two equal installments
Category B (Extremists below Zonal Commander level)
- Rehabilitation grant: ₹2,50,000
- ₹50,000 immediate payment
- Remaining ₹2,00,000 in two equal installments

Page No.: 239

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Policies Related to Forests and Other Acts

Forest Policy and Jharkhand

The first Forest Policy of independent India was introduced in 1952, under which the main objective of the government was to maximize income from forests. According to this policy, 33% of land should be under forest cover.
To address the problem of deforestation, the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 was enacted. Under this Act, forest land cannot be used for non-forest purposes without prior approval from the Government of India.
To increase forest cover beyond 33% in Jharkhand, the state government formulated a forest policy, under which it was decided that:

✓ A forest committee will be formed in every village with one member from each family

✓ Forest development will be carried out by villagers, and income from forest produce will be distributed among them

✓ Tree plantation will be done according to the needs of the villagers

✓ Forest produce will be sold through government agencies to generate income

✓ Tree plantation in vacant areas will be carried out by villagers

✓ Responsibility for forest protection will be shared by villagers and the forest department

Forest Rights Act, 2006 and Rules, 2008

This Act grants forest dwellers the right to reside on forest land.

Forest Dweller: Any resident of a village who primarily lives in forests and depends on forests or forest land for livelihood needs.
Forest dwellers are classified into two categories:
- Scheduled Tribes
- Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
Other Traditional Forest Dwellers: Those who have been residing primarily in forests or forest land for at least three generations prior to 13 December 2005.

Provisions under the Forest Rights Act

The Gram Sabha has been given the authority to initiate the process of recognizing rights over forest land.
To exercise this power, the Gram Sabha must be constituted according to the Rules, 2008.
The primary responsibility for effective implementation of this law lies with the State Government, local agencies, and the Gram Sabha.
To claim rights over forest land, the land must have been under occupation before 13 December 2005 and up to 13 December 2007.
The Gram Sabha is also empowered to protect forests under this Act.
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has been designated as the nodal agency for this Act.
The Act grants forest dwellers ownership rights over up to 4 hectares of land cultivated by them.

Other Important Acts

Act	Year
Chotanagpur Tenancy Act	1869
Chotanagpur Landlord and Tenancy Procedure Act	1879
Bengal Tenancy Act	1885
Bengal Rent Settlement Act	1897
Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA)	1996

PESA Act

The PESA Act (1996) is based on the recommendations of the Dilip Singh Bhuria Committee (1995). It is a special law for tribal-majority areas in India that are declared as “Scheduled Areas” under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution.

In Jharkhand, out of 24 districts, 13 districts are fully and 3 districts are partially included under the Fifth Schedule.

In Jharkhand, the PESA Rules, 2025 were implemented in December 2025–January 2026, granting tribal Gram Sabhas self-governance rights over water, forests, and land.

Additional Clarifications

The Act provides forest dwellers the right to reside on forest land.
Forest Dweller: Any rural resident who primarily lives in forests and depends on forest resources for livelihood.
Forest dwellers are categorized as:
- Scheduled Tribes
- Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
Other Traditional Forest Dwellers: Those residing in forest land for at least three generations prior to 13 December 2005.

Page No.: 240

17.3. Forest-Related Policies and Other Acts

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Forest-Related Policies and Other Acts

Forest Policy and Jharkhand

• The first forest policy of independent India came in 1952, under which the main objective of the government was to obtain maximum revenue from forests, and according to the policy, 33% of land should be under forest cover.

• To address the problem of deforestation, the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 was introduced, under which forest land cannot be used for non-forest purposes without prior approval from the Government of India.

• To increase forest cover beyond 33% in Jharkhand, the state government formulated a forest policy under which it was decided that:

✓ A forest committee would be formed in each village with one member from every family

✓ Forest development would be carried out by villagers, and income from forest produce would be distributed among them

✓ Tree plantation would be done according to the needs of villagers

✓ Forest produce would be sold through government agencies to generate income

✓ Plantation activities in vacant areas would be carried out by villagers

✓ Responsibility for forest protection would be shared by villagers and the forest department

Forest Rights Act, 2006 and Rules, 2008

The Act provides forest dwellers with the right to reside on forest land

• Forest Dweller: Any villager who primarily resides in forests and depends on forests or forest land for livelihood needs

• Forest dwellers are defined in two categories:
Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers

• Other Traditional Forest Dwellers: Those who have primarily resided in forests or forest land for at least three generations prior to 13 December 2005

Under the Forest Rights Act

• The power to initiate the process of recognizing rights over forest land for habitation is given to the Gram Sabha

• To exercise this power, the Gram Sabha must be constituted as per the Rules of 2008

• The primary responsibility for effective implementation of this law lies with the State Government, local agencies, and the Gram Sabha

• To claim rights over forest land, the land must have been occupied before 13 December 2005 and up to 13 December 2007

• The Gram Sabha has also been given the authority to protect forests under this Act

• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has been designated as the nodal agency under this Act

• This Act grants forest dwellers ownership rights over up to four hectares of land that they cultivate

Other Important Acts

Act	Year
Chotanagpur Tenancy Act	1869
Chotanagpur Landlord and Tenancy Procedure Act	1879
Bengal Tenancy Act	1885
Bengal Rent Settlement Act	1897
Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) / PESA Act	1996

The PESA Act is based on the recommendations of the Dilip Singh Bhuria Committee (1995). It is a special law for tribal-dominated areas of India that are declared as “Scheduled Areas” under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution.

Out of 24 districts of Jharkhand, 13 districts are fully and 3 districts are partially included under the Fifth Schedule. In Jharkhand, the PESA Rules, 2025 have been implemented during December 2025–January 2026, granting tribal Gram Sabhas self-governance rights over water, forests, and land.

The Act provides forest dwellers with the right to reside on forest land

Forest Dweller: Any villager who primarily resides in forests and depends on forests or forest land for livelihood needs

Forest dwellers are defined in two types: Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers

Other Traditional Forest Dwellers: Those who have primarily resided in forests or forest land for at least three generations prior to 13 December 2005

Page No.: 240

Chapter 18 : STATE EXECUTIVE

Chapter 19 : UNION LEGISLATURE

Chapter 20 : STATE LEGISLATURE

Chapter 21 : JUDICIARY

Chapter 22 : LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT

Chapter 23 : UNION TERRITORIES

Chapter 24 : SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS

Chapter 25 : CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

Chapter 26 : OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

Chapter 27 : SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

Chapter 28 : SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SOME STATES

Chapter 29 : ELECTIONS IN INDIA

Chapter 30 : CONSTITUTIONAL AND NON-CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES (IN CHART)

Political Parties

Pressure Groups

Public Services

Elections and Electoral Reforms

Languages

Constituent Assembly Debates in India

Governance

Social Justice

Laws and policies

Miscellaneous Articles